Abstract
Animal fecal samples collected in the summer and winter from 11 herbivorous animals, including sable antelope (SA), long-tailed goral (LTG), and common eland (CE), at a public zoo were examined for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Seven antibiotics, including meropenem and azithromycin, were used to isolate culturable multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The manures from three animals (SA, LTG, and CE) contained 104-fold higher culturable MDR bacteria, including Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Stenotrophomonas species, while fewer MDR bacteria were isolated from manure from water buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant against all tested antibiotics. Three MDR bacteria-rich samples along with composite samples were further analyzed using nanopore-based technology. ARGs including lnu(C), tet(Q), and mef(A) were common and often associated with transposons in all tested samples, suggesting that transposons carrying ARGs may play an important role for the dissemination of ARGs in our tested animals. Although several copies of ARGs such as aph(3')-IIc, blaL1, blaIND-3, and tet(42) were found in the sequenced genomes of the nine MDR bacteria, the numbers and types of ARGs appeared to be less than expected in zoo animal manure, suggesting that MDR bacteria in the gut of the tested animals had intrinsic resistant phenotypes in the absence of ARGs.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during the current study are available in the NCBI repository, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/. The sequence data of the nine MDR bacteria have been deposited in NCBI under accession numbers CP078101 (Stenotrophomonas sp. Q16), CP078102 (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia O1), CP078103 (Pseudomonas geniculata E119), CP078104 (Chryseobacterium sp. E1), JAHRZA000000000 (Cellulosimicrobium sp. E12), JAHRZB000000000 (Cellulosimicrobium sp. E22-2), CP079103 (Chitinophaga sp. E66), CP078105 (Microbacterium sp. E22), and CP079104 (Sphingobacterium sp. E70). The metagenome read data of the five fecal samples have been deposited in NCBI under Sequence Read Archive (SRA) accession numbers SRR14846727 (SA), SRR14854009 (LTG), SRR14855916 (CE), SRR14855915 (CSF), and SRR14855914 (CWF).
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This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant (NRF-2020M3A9H5104237).
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JM and WP designed the study. JM, PK, SY, and MH performed experiments. JM, SY, and WP analyzed the data. JM and WP drafted the manuscript. JM and WP participated in the discussion and revision of the manuscript. All authors contributed to and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Min, J., Kim, P., Yun, S. et al. Zoo animal manure as an overlooked reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes and multidrug-resistant bacteria. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 710–726 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22279-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22279-3