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Combined effects of simulated acid rain and lanthanum chloride on chloroplast structure and functional elements in rice

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Abstract

Acid rain and rare earth element (REE) pollution exist simultaneously in many agricultural regions. However, how REE pollution and acid rain affect plant growth in combination remains largely unknown. In this study, the combined effects of simulated acid rain and lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) on chloroplast morphology, chloroplast ultrastructure, functional element contents, chlorophyll content, and the net photosynthetic rate (P n) in rice (Oryza sativa) were investigated by simulating acid rain and rare earth pollution. Under the combined treatment of simulated acid rain at pH 4.5 and 0.08 mM LaCl3, the chloroplast membrane was smooth, proteins on this membrane were uniform, chloroplast structure was integrated, and the thylakoids were orderly arranged, and simulated acid rain and LaCl3 exhibited a mild antagonistic effect; the Mg, Ca, Mn contents, the chlorophyll content, and the P n increased under this combined treatment, with a synergistic effect of simulated acid rain and LaCl3. Under other combined treatments of simulated acid rain and LaCl3, the chloroplast membrane surface was uneven, a clear “hole” was observed on the surface of chloroplasts, and the thylakoids were dissolved and loose; and the P n and contents of functional elements (P, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mo) and chlorophyll decreased. Under these combined treatments, simulated acid rain and LaCl3 exhibited a synergistic effect. Based on the above results, a model of the combined effects of simulated acid rain and LaCl3 on plant photosynthesis was established in order to reveal the combined effects on plant photosynthesis, especially on the photosynthetic organelle-chloroplast. Our results would provide some references for further understanding the mechanism of the combined effects of simulated acid rain and LaCl3 on plant photosynthesis.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31170477, 21371100).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu Coorperative Innovation Center of Water Treatment Technology and Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China

    Huiqing Hu, Lihong Wang & Qing Zhou

  2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China

    Xiaohua Huang

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  1. Huiqing Hu
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  2. Lihong Wang
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  3. Qing Zhou
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  4. Xiaohua Huang
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Correspondence to Qing Zhou or Xiaohua Huang.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Hu, H., Wang, L., Zhou, Q. et al. Combined effects of simulated acid rain and lanthanum chloride on chloroplast structure and functional elements in rice. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 8902–8916 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5962-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5962-9

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