Abstract
This study presents surface ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements conducted at Bhubaneswar from December 2010 to November 2012 and attempts for the very first time a health risk assessment of the atmospheric trace gases. Seasonal variation in average 24 h O3 and CO shows a distinct winter (December to February) maxima of 38.98 ± 9.32 and 604.51 ± 145.91 ppbv, respectively. O3 and CO characteristics and their distribution were studied in the form of seasonal/diurnal variations, air flow patterns, inversion conditions, and meteorological parameters. The observed winter high is likely due to higher regional emissions, the presence of a shallower boundary layer, and long-range transport of pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Large differences between daytime and nighttime O3 values during winter compared to other seasons suggest that photochemistry is much more active on this site during winter. O3 and CO observations are classified in continental and marine air masses, and continental influence is estimated to increase O3 and CO by up to 20 and 120 ppbv, respectively. Correlation studies between O3 and CO in various seasons indicated the role of CO as one of the O3 precursors. Health risk estimates predict 48 cases of total premature mortality in adults due to ambient tropospheric O3 during the study period. Comparatively low CO concentrations at the site do not lead to any health effects even during winter. This study highlights the possible health risks associated with O3 and CO pollution in Bhubaneswar, but these results are derived from point measurements and should be complemented either with regional scale observations or chemical transport models for use in design of mitigation policies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atkinson RW, Cohen A, Meheta S, Anderson HR (2011) Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological time-series studies on outdoor air pollution and health in Asia. Air Qual Atmos Health 5(4):383–391
Aubard Y, Magne I (2000) Carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy. BJOG: An Int J Obstet Gynaecol 107(7):833–838
Beig G, Gunthe S, Jadhav DB (2007) Simultaneous measurements of O3 and its precursors on a diurnal scale at a semi urban site in India. J Atmos Chem 57:239–253
Bhuyan PK, Bharali C, Pathak B, Kalita G (2014) The role of precursor gases and meteorology on temporal evolution of O3 at a tropical location in northeast India. Environ Sci Pollut Res. doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2587-3
Cao J, Yang C, Li J, Chen R, Chen B, Gu D, Kan H (2011) Association between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and mortality in China: a cohort study. J Hazard Mater 186(2–3):1594–1600
Cohen A (2005) The global burden of disease due to outdoor air pollution. J Toxicol Env Heal A68(13–14):1301–1307
Cropper M, Gamkar S, Malick K, Limonov A, Partridge I (2012) The health effects of coal electricity generation in India. Discussion Paper RFF DP 12–25, 1616 P St. NW Washington, DC 20036
Crutzen PJ (1973) A discussion of the chemistry of some minor constituents in the stratosphere and troposphere. Pure Appl Geo-Phys 106–108:1385–1399
David LM, Nair PR (2011) Diurnal and seasonal Variability of surface O3 and NOx at a tropical coastal site: association with mesoscale and synoptic meteorological conditions. J Geophys Res 116, D10303
Debaje SB, Jeyakumar SJ, Ganesan K, Jadhav DB, Seetaramayya P (2003) Surface O3 measurements at tropical rural coastal station Tranquebar, India. Atmos Environ 37:4911–4916
Desqueyroux H, Pujet JC, Prosper M, Moullec YL, Momas I (2002) Effects of air pollution on adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Environ Health: Int J 57(6):554–560
Fishman J, Seller W (1983) Correlative nature of O3 and carbon monoxide in the troposphere’ implications for the tropospheric O3 budget. J Geophys Res-Oceans 88(C6):3662–3670
Granier C, Bessagnet B et al (2011) Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980–2010 period. Clim Chang 109(1–2):163–190
Gurjar BR, Jain A, Sharma A, Agrawal A, Gupta P, Nagpure AS, Lelieveld J (2010) Human health risks in megacities due to air pollution. Atmos Environ 44(36):4606–4613
Guttikunda SK, Goel R (2012) Health impacts of particulate pollution in a Megacity Delhi, India. Environ Dev 6:8–20
HEI (2004) Health effects of outdoor air pollution in developing countries of Asia: a literature review. Special Report 15, Health Effects Institute, Boston
HEI (2010) Outdoor air pollution and health in the developing countries of Asia: a comprehensive review, Special Report 18. Health Effects Institute, Boston
HEI (2011) Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA): coordinated studies of short-term exposure to air pollution and daily mortality in two Indian cities. Research Report 157. Health Effects Institute, Boston
Henne S, Klausen J, Junkermann W, Kariuki JM, Aseyo JO, Buchmann B (2008) Representativeness and climatology of carbon monoxide and O3 at the global GAW station Mt. Kenya in equatorial Africa. Atmos Chem Phys 8:3119–3139
Jain SL, Arya BC, Kumar A, Ghude SD, Kulkarni PS (2005) Observational study of surface O3 at New Delhi, India. Int J Remote Sens 26(16):3515–3524
Kalita G, Bhuyan PK (2011) Spatial heterogeneity in tropospheric column O3 over the Indian subcontinent: long-term climatology and possible association with natural and anthropogenic activities. Advances in Meteorology Article ID 924516. doi:10.1155/2011/924516
Kandlikar M, Ramachandran G (2000) The causes and consequences of particulate air pollution in urban India: a synthesis of the science. Annu Rev Env Resour 25:629–684
Khalil MAK, Rasmussen RA (1990) The global cycle of carbon monoxide: trends and mass balance. Chemosphere 20(1–2):227–242
Kumar R, Naja M, Venkataramani S, Wild O (2010) Variations in surface O3 at Nainital: a high altitude site in the central Himalayas. J Geophys Res 115(D):16302
Kumar R, Naja M, Pfister GG, Barth MC, Brasseur GP (2013) Source attribution of carbon monoxide in India and surrounding regions during wintertime. J Geophys Res-Atmos 118:1981–1995
Kurokawa J, Ohara T, Morikawa T et al (2013) Emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000–2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2. Atmos Chem Phys 13:11019–11058
Lal S, Naja M, Subbaraya BH (2000) Seasonal variations in surface O3 and its precursors over an urban site in India. Atmos Environ 34:2713–2724
Lal S, Chand D, Sahu LK, Venkatramani S, Brasseur G, Schultz MG (2006) High levels of O3 and related gases over the Bay of Bengal during winter and early spring of 2001. Atmos Environ 40:1633–1644
Lal S, Sahu LK, Gupta S, Srivastava S, Modh KS, Venkataramani S, Rajesh TA (2008) Emission characteristic of O3 related trace gases at a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic plain using inter-correlations. J Atmos Chem 60:189–204
Lawrence MG, Lelieveld J (2010) Atmospheric pollutant outflow from southern Asia: a review. Atmos Chem Phys 10:11017–11096
Lelieveld J, Barlas C, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A (2013) Model calculated global, regional and megacity premature mortality due to air pollution. Atmos Chem Phys 13(14):7023–7037
Levine JS (1996) Biomass burning and global change. In: Remote sensing, modelling and inventory development, and biomass burning in Africa. MIT, Cambridge
Lin YC, Lin CY, Lin PH, Engling G, Kuo TH, Hsu WT, Ting CC (2011) Observation of O3 and carbon monoxide at Mei-Feng mountain site (2269 m a.s.l.) in Central Taiwan: seasonal variations and influence of Asian continental outflow. Sci Total Environ 409:3033–3042
Lvovsky K, Hughes G, Maddison D, Ostro B, Pearce D (2000) Environmental cost of fossil fuels: a rapid assessment methods with application to six cities. The World Bank,78
Mahapatra PS, Jena J, Moharana S, Srichandan H, Das T, Roy Chaudhury G, Das SN (2012) Surface O3 variation at Bhubaneswar and intra-correlationship study with various parameters. J Earth Syst Sci 121:1163–1175
Mallik C, Venkataramani S, Lal S (2012) Study of a high SO2 event observed over an urban site in western India. Asia-Pac J Atmos Sci 48(2):171–180
Mauzerall DM, Wang X (2001) Protecting agricultural crops from the effects of tropospheric O3 exposure: reconciling science and standard setting in the United States, Europe and Asia. Annu Rev Energy Environ 26:237–268
Naja M, Lal S (2002) Surface O3 and precursor gases at Gadanki (13.5_N, 79.2_E), a tropical rural site in India. J Geophys Res 107(D14):4197
Naja M, Lal S, Chand D (2003) Diurnal and seasonal variabilities in surface O3 at a high altitude site Mt Abu (24.6_N, 72.7_E, 1680 m asl) in India. Atmos Environ 37:4205–4215
Nishanth T, Sateesh Kumar MK, Valsaraj KT (2012) Variation in surface O3 and NOx at Kannur: a tropical coastal site in India. J Atmos Chem 69:101–126
Ohara T, Akimoto H et al (2007) An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980–2020. Atmos Chem Phys 7:4419–4444
Ojha N, Naja M, Singh KP, Sarangi T, Kumar R, Lal S, Lawrence MG, Butler TM (2012) Variabilities in O3 at a semi-urban site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain region: association with the meteorology and regional processes. J Geophys Res 117, D20301
Olivier JGJ, Bloos JPJ, Berdowski JJM, Visschedijk AJH, Bouwman AF (1999) A 1990 global emission inventory of anthropogenic sources of carbon monoxide on 1° × 1° developed in the framework of EDGAR/GEIA. Chemosphere Global Change Sci 1:1–17
Ostro B (1994) Estimating the health effects of air pollutants: a method with an application to Jakarta, policy research working paper No. 1301. World Bank, Washington, DC
Patankar AM, Trivedi PL (2011) Monetary burden of health impacts of air pollution in Mumbai, India: implications for public health policy. Public Health 125:157–164
Penney S, Bell J, Balbus J (2009) Estimating the health impacts of coal-fired power plants receiving international financing. Environmental Defense Fund, NW, Washington, DC
Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD (2002) Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA-J Am Med Assoc 287(9):1132–1141
Pulikesi M, Baskaralingam P, Rayudu VN, Elango D, Ramamurthi V, Sivanesan S (2006) Surface O3 measurements at urban coastal site Chennai, in India. J Hazard Mater B137:1554–1559
Purkait NN, De S, Sen S, Chakrabarty DK (2009) Surface O3 and its precursors at two sites in the north east coast of India. Indian J Radio Space Phys 38:86–97
Reddy RR, Ram Gopal K et al (2008) Surface O3 measurements at Anantapur (AP) India. Indian J Radio Space Phys 37:209–215
Reddy BSK, Kumar KR, Balakrishnaiah G et al (2012) Analysis of diurnal and seasonal behavior of surface O3 and its precursor (NOx) at a semi-arid rural site in southern India. Aerosol Air Qual Res 12:1081–1094
RGI (2012a) Sample registration system, statistical report, 2010, SRS analytical studies, report number 1 of 2012, Office of the Registrar General, India, Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, 2A, New Delhi
RGI (2012b) Report on medical certification of cause of death, Office of the Registrar General, India, Government of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, 2A, New Delhi
Sharma P, Kuniyal JC, Chand K, Guleria RP, Dhyani PP, Chauhan C (2013) Surface O3 concentration and its behaviour with aerosols in the northwestern Himalaya, India. Atmos Environ 71:44–53
Sikder HA, Suthawaree J, Kato S, Kajii Y (2011) Surface O3 and carbon monoxide levels observed at Oki, Japan: regional air pollution trends in East Asia. J Environ Manag 92:953–959
Silva RA, West JJ, Zhang Y, Anenberg SC et al (2013) Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change. Environ Res Lett 8(3):034005
Singla V, Satsangi A, Pachauri T, Lakhani A, MaharajKumari K (2011) O3 formation and destruction at a sub-urban site in North Central region of India. Atmos Res 101:373–385
Sudo K, Akimoto H (2007) Global source attribution of tropospheric O3: long-range transport from various source regions. J Geophys Res: Atmos 112:D12,27
Swamy YV, Nikhil GN, Venkanna R, Dhulipala NSKC, Sinha PR, SrinavasanS AGR (2012) Role of nitrogen oxides, black carbon, and meteorological parameters on the variation of surface O3 levels at a tropical urban site—Hyderabad, India. CLEAN – Soil Air Water 41(3):215–225
Tiwari S, Rai R, Agrawal M (2008) Annual and seasonal variations in tropospheric O3 concentrations around Varanasi. Int J Remote Sens 29(15):4499–4514
WHO (2006) WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, O3, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, global update 2005, summary of risk assessment, WHO/SDE/PHE/OEH/06.02. World Health Organization, Geneva
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the Director, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT) and the Head, Environment and Sustainability Department (CSIR-IMMT) for their encouragement. Financial support by the ISRO-GBP-ATCTM as well as CSIR is gratefully acknowledged. Analyses and visualizations used in this study were produced by the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC. Use of data from ECCAD database is also acknowledged. The authors acknowledge the Director IMD-Bhubaneswar for providing meteorological data. The authors would like to acknowledge Mr. Chinmay Mallik for fruitful discussions, Rajesh and Milan for arrangement of the voluminous data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Gerhard Lammel
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mahapatra, P.S., Panda, S., Walvekar, P.P. et al. Seasonal trends, meteorological impacts, and associated health risks with atmospheric concentrations of gaseous pollutants at an Indian coastal city. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 11418–11432 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3078-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3078-2