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Gene flow between vicariant tree species: insights into savanna-forest evolutionary relationships

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Abstract

Studying the genetic structure of vicariant species (i.e., closely related species that occupy ecologically distinct yet adjacent habitats) can shed light on the evolution and divergence of species with different ecological requirements. A previous phylogeographic study identified chloroplast DNA haplotype sharing between two vicariant tree species, one from forest (Hymenaea courbaril) and one from savanna (H. stigonocarpa) habitats. These species co-occur in the Brazilian Cerrado, a biome that encompasses forest patches and riverine forests within a savanna matrix. In order to investigate the evolutionary processes involved in the genetic divergence of these trees, we used nuclear microsatellite markers, statistical methods including approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), and leaf morphology to analyze neighboring and distant populations. Bayesian analysis revealed admixture between the species. ABC analysis supported the scenarios with the occurrence of gene flow between species during the Last Glacial Maximum or from the Holocene to the present, when compared to alternative scenarios of no gene flow or constant gene flow since divergence. However, putative hybrids did not exhibit intermediate leaflet morphology, which could be related to distinct selective pressures maintaining species integrity even in the face of gene flow. Our results suggest that despite morphological differences between savanna and forest species, interspecific barriers to gene flow might not be fully developed between vicariant tree species and that interspecific hybridization in trees from Cerrado biome may be an underdiagnosed process.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Renata A. Ribeiro, Rosangela L. Brandão, and Maíra F. Goulart for the help with sampling; Vincenzo A. Ellis for the assistance with language editing; and the Associate Editor and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. We also thank “Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis” (IBAMA) and “Instituto Estadual de Florestas” of Minas Gerais State (IEF-MG) for providing licenses and research facilities for the fieldwork. This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). LCRM received a PhD scholarship from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). MBL and JPLF received research fellowships from CNPq.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    Luciana C. Resende-Moreira, Marília O. Scliar & Maria Bernadete Lovato

  2. Associação Educacional de Vitória, FAESA, Av. Vitória, 2200, Vitória, ES, 29053-360, Brazil

    Ana Carolina S. Ramos

  3. Laboratório de DNA, Instituto de Criminalística, Polícia Civil de Minas Gerais, Rua Juiz de Fora, 400, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30800-060, Brazil

    Reinaldo M. Silva

  4. Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, CP 02372, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil

    Vânia C. R. Azevedo & Ana Y. Ciampi

  5. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil

    José P. Lemos-Filho

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  1. Luciana C. Resende-Moreira
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  2. Ana Carolina S. Ramos
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  3. Marília O. Scliar
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  4. Reinaldo M. Silva
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  5. Vânia C. R. Azevedo
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  7. José P. Lemos-Filho
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  8. Maria Bernadete Lovato
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Correspondence to Maria Bernadete Lovato.

Additional information

Communicated by S. C. González-Martínez

Data Archiving Statement

Genotype data has been deposited at TreeGenes Data Repository (https://dendrome.ucdavis.edu/treegenes/) under the accession number TGDR066.

Luciana C. Resende-Moreira and Ana Carolina S. Ramos contributed equally to this work.

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Resende-Moreira, L.C., Ramos, A.C.S., Scliar, M.O. et al. Gene flow between vicariant tree species: insights into savanna-forest evolutionary relationships. Tree Genetics & Genomes 13, 36 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1117-0

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