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Phylogeographic structuring of plastome diversity in Mediterranean oaks (Quercus Group Ilex, Fagaceae)

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Abstract

Oaks of Quercus Group Ilex are emblematic components of the Mediterranean landscapes and the full extent of their diversity in a geographic context is still poorly assessed. In order to detail differentiation patterns within Group Ilex and to illuminate causes and circumstances that underlie the distribution of its lineages, we examined plastome differentiation in the four species currently representing this oak group across the Mediterranean Basin (Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera, Quercus aucheri, Quercus alnifolia). Plastid DNA variation was explored with three markers on 124 individuals and spatial analyses were performed with phylogenetic and landscape genetics approaches. A strong geographic sorting, entirely decoupled from species boundaries, was found. Spatial coincidences with phylogenetic splits highlights the presence of four geographic regions (the Middle East, the Aegean region, the central and the western Mediterranean) characterised by different degrees of isolation. Distinct sub-regional structures were identified. Inter- and intra-lineage divergence patterns appear to reflect the complex orogeny of the Mediterranean region and Pleistocene climatic oscillations, while a few widespread haplotypes might represent the remnants of the ancestral Group Ilex range. Regional differentiation in this group is recognised to be triggered by a number of factors, including disruption of the original range, incomplete lineage sorting, repeated phases of asymmetrical introgression and isolation. The key role played by some Mediterranean regions on the range establishment and dynamics of this oak group is discussed.

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Acknowledgements

We warmly thank all the friends and colleagues that participated in the sample collection: Nisreen Al-Qadi, Farag Bakkar, Fotios Bekris, Laura Genco, Tunçay Güner, Magda Bou Dagher-Kharrat, Fazia Krouchi, Angeliki Laiou, Faouzi Maamouri, Maria Mayol, Karalambos Neophytou, Sergio Ortu, Antonello Salis, Leonardo Scuderi, Avra Schirone, Martina Temunovic, Maria Paola Tomasino, Enara Otaegi Veslin, Valasia Yakovoglou and Petar Zhelev. This work represents part of the PhD thesis of MV granted by Sabina Universitas (P.N. 566). GWG is financed by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): Grant M-1751-B16. TD acknowledges funding by the Swedish Research Council (VR).

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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali (DAFNE), Università degli studi della Tuscia, via S. Camillo de’ Lellis, 01100, Viterbo, Italy

    Martina Vitelli, Federico Vessella, Simone Cardoni & Marco Cosimo Simeone

  2. National Research Council, Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology, viale Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy

    Paola Pollegioni

  3. Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden

    Thomas Denk

  4. Department of Palaeontology, University of Wien, Althanstrasse 14 (UZA II), 1090, Wien, Austria

    Guido W. Grimm

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  1. Martina Vitelli
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  2. Federico Vessella
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Correspondence to Marco Cosimo Simeone.

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All sequence data generated as part of this study are available on GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) under accession numbers LM222072–LM222201 and LM222232-LM222296; other relevant data are within the paper and its Supplementary File S1.

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Vitelli, M., Vessella, F., Cardoni, S. et al. Phylogeographic structuring of plastome diversity in Mediterranean oaks (Quercus Group Ilex, Fagaceae). Tree Genetics & Genomes 13, 3 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-016-1086-8

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