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Impact of soil salinity on the microbial structure of halophyte rhizosphere microbiome

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Abstract

The rhizosphere microbiome plays a significant role in the life of plants in promoting plant survival under adverse conditions. However, limited information is available about microbial diversity in saline environments. In the current study, we compared the composition of the rhizosphere microbiomes of the halophytes Urochloa, Kochia, Salsola, and Atriplex living in moderate and high salinity environments (Khewra salt mines; Pakistan) with that of the non-halophyte Triticum. Soil microbiomes analysis using pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene indicated that Actinobacteria were dominant in saline soil samples whereas Proteobacteria predominated in non-saline soil samples. Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Bacteriodetes and Thaumarchaeota were predominant phyla in saline and non-saline soils, whereas Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Gemmatimonadetes and the unclassified WPS-2 were less abundant. Sequences from Euryarchaeota, Ignavibacteriae, and Nanohaloarchaeota were identified only from the rhizosphere of halophytes. Dominant halophilic bacteria and archaea identified in this study included Agrococcus, Armatimonadetes gp4, Halalkalicoccus, Haloferula and Halobacterium. Our analysis showed that increases in soil salinity correlated with significant differences in the alpha and beta diversity of the microbial communities across saline and non-saline soil samples. Having a complete inventory of the soil bacteria from different saline environments in Pakistan will help in the discovery of potential inoculants for crops growing on salt-affected land.

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Acknowledgements

We are highly thankful to Higher Education Commission [Project # HEC (FD/2012/1843)] and Pakistan Academy of Sciences [Project # 5-9/PAS/2012/969] for research grants. We would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Mukhtar Ahmad (Assistant Professor), Dyal Singh College, Lahore, for assistance in statistical analyses. We are grateful to Prof. Ann M. Hirsch (UCLA) for the comments on the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Ferozepur Road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan

    Salma Mukhtar, Samina Mehnaz & Kauser Abdulla Malik

  2. Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S, National Ave, Springfield, MO, USA

    Babur Saeed Mirza

  3. Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Sajjad Mirza

  4. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-8200, USA

    Joan Mclean

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  1. Salma Mukhtar
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Contributions

SM: Conducted experiment and prepared manuscript; BSM: pyrosequencing and data analysis; SM: manuscript preparation; MSM: supervised research and manuscript preparation; JM: pyrosequencing and data analysis; KAM: guided in experiment plan and edited manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kauser Abdulla Malik.

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Mukhtar, S., Mirza, B.S., Mehnaz, S. et al. Impact of soil salinity on the microbial structure of halophyte rhizosphere microbiome. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 34, 136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-018-2509-5

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