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Differential responses to somatic embryogenesis of different genotypes of Brazilian oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

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Abstract

To assess the potential of different genotypes of Brazilian oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) to somatic embryogenesis and somatic embryo proliferation, mature zygotic embryos of nine commercial genotypes of E. guineensis (BRSC2001, BRSC2328, BRSC2301, BRSC3701, BRSCM1115, BRSC7201, BRSC2528, BRSC2501, and BRSCN1637) were used. Explants were incubated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with 450 μM picloram, 3.0 % sucrose, 500 mg l−1 glutamine, and 2.5 g l−1 activated charcoal, and gelled with 2.5 g l−1 Phytagel. After induction, for differentiation and maturation, the embryogenic calli (ECs) were transferred into fresh medium supplemented with 0.6 μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 12.30 μM 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) or 40 μM picloram in combination with 0.3 g l−1 activated charcoal, and 500 mg l−1 glutamine. Somatic embryos were converted into plants on MS medium with macro- and micro-nutrients at half strength, 2 % sucrose, and 2.5 g l−1 activated charcoal, and gelled with 2.5 g l−1 Phytagel. In general, zygotic embryos swelled after 14 days. Primary calli, which were observed in all the genotypes after 45–60 days of culture, eventually progressed to ECs at 90 days. At this time, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed cellular differences between compact and friable calli. After 150 days in the induction phase, the ECs with proembryos that were transferred to the medium for differentiation and maturation, differentiated asynchronically into somatic embryos at globular and torpedo stages. The results showed that BRSC2328 and BRSCM1115 had the highest potential for EC formation (90–100 %) and somatic embryo differentiation (40.7 and 52.5 somatic embryos per callus, respectively) when compared to other genotypes. After approximately 90 days of culture on MS basal medium without growth regulators, protrusion of the leaf primordia was observed, characterizing the onset of germination of the somatic embryos into plants.

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Abbreviations

MS medium:

Murashige and Skoog medium

ECs:

Embryogenic calli

SSE:

Secondary somatic embryogenesis

NCC:

Nodular compact callus

FGC:

Fast growing callus

NAA:

Naphthaleneacetic acid

2iP:

2-isopentenyladenine

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

CIM:

Culture medium for calli induction

LM:

Light microscopy

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Brazil, for financial support and fellowships. Special thanks to Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Manaus, AM, Brazil, especially to Dr. Ricardo Lopes and Dr. Raimundo Nonato Cunha, for providing the biological material for experiments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Federal University of Amazonas, PPGBIOTEC, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil

    Rafael de Carvalho Silva

  2. Institute of Biology, University of Brasília, PPGBOT, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    Zanderluce Gomes Luis

  3. Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Av. W5 Norte (final), 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil

    Jonny Everson Scherwinski-Pereira

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  1. Rafael de Carvalho Silva
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  3. Jonny Everson Scherwinski-Pereira
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Correspondence to Jonny Everson Scherwinski-Pereira.

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de Carvalho Silva, R., Luis, Z.G. & Scherwinski-Pereira, J.E. Differential responses to somatic embryogenesis of different genotypes of Brazilian oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 111, 59–67 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0170-5

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