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Thermo-hydraulic characteristics of Al2O3-water nanofluid by preconditioned LBM

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Abstract

The nanofluids under magnetic fields show great potential in microchannel cooling and thermal absorption of the miniaturized devices. Studies about the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) have been focusing on the effects of nanoparticle types, volume fractions, and magnetic field intensity at low Reynolds numbers. However, less effort has been made to elucidate the interactions between external forces at large Reynolds numbers. In this work, we firstly developed a preconditioned LBM (PLBM) to overcome the divergence problem of the original LBM caused by variable physical properties and Reynolds numbers, followed by investigating the thermo-hydraulic characteristics of Al2O3-water nanofluid in a microchannel with temperature-dependent physical properties and slip boundary conditions. The effects of the external magnetic field, buoyancy force, and volume fraction of nanoparticles are discussed, and the entropy generation is analyzed. When the magnetic field is applied, the average shear stress is twice that without a magnetic field and the average Nusselt number increases by about 10% and further by about 20% at higher buoyancy forces. Besides, the magnitudes of the entropy generation caused by magnetic field irreversibility are higher than that caused by the heat transfer irreversibility. The numerical study developed in this work elucidates the effects of external force and extends the simulation performance of the existing LB models.

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Abbreviations

B :

Dimensionless slip factor

B 0 :

Magnetic field intensity

B e :

Bejan number

c :

Absolute molecular velocity

c i :

Lattice discrete velocity

C f :

Friction coefficient

c s :

Lattice speed of sound

c p :

Specific heat

d s :

Nanoparticle diameter

D H = 2H :

Characteristic length

f g :

Density and energy distribution functions

F i :

Force term

\(\tilde{f}_{\text i}\), \(\tilde{g}_{\text i}\) :

Modified discrete density and energy distribution functions

G 1 :

Magnetic force

G 2 :

Buoyancy force

H a :

Hartmann number

H, L :

Height and length

k :

Fluid thermal conductivity

N u :

Nusselt number

Pr :

Prandtl number

q :

Heat flux

r :

Momentum accommodation coefficient

R :

Gas constant

R i :

Richardson number

Re :

Reynolds number

T :

Temperature, K

u :

Velocity vector

U,V :

Dimensionless velocity components

u,v :

Velocity components, m s−1

Z :

Heat dissipation term

α :

Thermal diffusivity coefficient

β :

Thermal expansion coefficient

γ :

Gas-specific heat ratio

ξ :

Preconditioned parameter

θ :

Dimensionless temperature

μ :

Dynamic viscosity, Pa S

ν :

Kinematic viscosity, m2 s−1

ρ :

Fluid density, kg m−3

σ :

Electrical conductivity, (Ω m)−1

τ f , τ g :

Dimensionless relaxation times for momentum and internal energy

φ :

Nanoparticles volume fraction

eq:

Equilibrium

eff:

Effective

f :

Fluid

i :

Lattice coordinate direction

in: :

Inlet value of the microchannel

n f :

Nanofluid

s :

Solid

w :

Wall

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (JCYJ20210324142812032), the Major Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2019ZD11), and the National 111 Project (B18041).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China

    Yingchun Zhang & Yong Li

  2. Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong Province, China

    Yingchun Zhang & Gongnan Xie

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

    Weihong Li

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  1. Yingchun Zhang
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Correspondence to Weihong Li or Gongnan Xie.

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Zhang, Y., Li, W., Li, Y. et al. Thermo-hydraulic characteristics of Al2O3-water nanofluid by preconditioned LBM. J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 9811–9827 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11197-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11197-8

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