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Influence of nanoparticles size, per cent mass ratio, and temperature on the thermal properties of water-based MgO–ZnO nanofluid: an experimental approach

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Abstract

This paper experiments the trio influence of nanoparticles size (NS), per cent mass ratio (PWR), and temperature (T) on the thermal properties of MgO–ZnO/deionised water (DIW) nanofluids. MgO nanoparticles (20 nm and 100 nm) were hybridised with ZnO nanoparticles (20 nm) and suspended in DIW to formulate 0.1 vol% hybrid nanofluids at PWRs of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20 (MgO/ZnO). The pH, electrical conductivity (σ), viscosity (μ), and thermal conductivity (κ) of the hybrid nanofluids were experimentally determined at temperatures of 20–50 °C. The stability was monitored, while the morphology was examined using standard instruments. Findings showed that the suspension of the hybrid nanoparticles enhanced the pH and thermal properties of DIW. The hybrid nanofluids with 100 nm-MgO nanoparticles were observed to possess slightly higher values of pH, σ, and μ than those with 20 nm-MgO nanoparticles except for κ. An increase in temperature augmented κ and σ of MgO–ZnO/DIW nanofluids, while it detracted pH and μ. Maximum enhancements of 453.70–550.62% (40:60), 14.95–22.33% (40:60), and 8.29–17.46% (60:40) were evaluated for σ, κ, and μ, respectively. The influence of PWR, NS, and temperature on the σ, κ, μ, and pH of the hybrid nanofluids was in the order of PWR > NS > T, NS > PWR > T, T > NS > PWR, and T > NS > PWR, respectively. Subject to the experimental data obtained, correlations were developed for each hybrid nanofluid and thermal property as a function of temperature. The MgO–ZnO/DIW nanofluids with a 40:60 PWR appeared to be the best in terms of heat transfer capability.

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Abbreviations

AAD:

Average absolute deviation

AAE:

Average absolute error

Ag:

Silver nanoparticles

Al:

Aluminium nanoparticles

Al2O3 :

Aluminium oxide nanoparticles

Au:

Gold nanoparticles

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

Co3O4 :

Cobalt(III) oxide nanoparticles

Cu:

Copper nanoparticles

CuO:

Copper oxide nanoparticles

C κ :

Effective thermal conductivity enhancement

C μ :

Effective viscosity enhancement

DIW:

Deionised water

DW:

Distilled water

EG:

Ethylene glycol

Fe2O3 :

Iron(III) oxide nanoparticles

Fe3O4 :

Iron(IV) oxide nanoparticles

FF:

Ferrofluid

GNP:

Graphene nanoplatelets

GO:

Graphene oxide

h:

Hour

M :

Mass (kg)

MgO:

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles

MWCNT:

Multiwalled carbon nanoparticle

ND:

Nanodiamond

Ni:

Nickel nanoparticles

NS:

Nanosize (nm)

PER:

Property enhancement ratio

PWR:

Per cent mass ratio

SDS:

Sodium dodecyl sulphate

SiO2 :

Silicon oxide nanoparticles

T :

Temperature (°C)

TEC:

Thermoelectrical conductivity

TiO2 :

Titanium oxide nanoparticles

TO:

Transformer oil

W :

Water

X :

Per cent mass ratio

ZnO:

Zinc oxide nanoparticles

κ r :

Relative thermal conductivity

μ r :

Relative viscosity

φ :

Volume concentration (vol%)

μ :

Viscosity (mPa s)

κ :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

σ :

Electrical conductivity (mS cm−1)

ρ :

Density (g cm−3)

hnf:

Hybrid nanofluid

nf:

Nanofluid

bf:

Base fluid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    S. O. Giwa, M. Momin, C. N. Nwaokocha, M. Sharifpur & J. P. Meyer

  2. Mechanical Engineering Department, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P.M.B. 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria

    S. O. Giwa

  3. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam

    M. Sharifpur

Authors
  1. S. O. Giwa
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  2. M. Momin
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  3. C. N. Nwaokocha
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  4. M. Sharifpur
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  5. J. P. Meyer
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Sharifpur.

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Giwa, S.O., Momin, M., Nwaokocha, C.N. et al. Influence of nanoparticles size, per cent mass ratio, and temperature on the thermal properties of water-based MgO–ZnO nanofluid: an experimental approach. J Therm Anal Calorim 143, 1063–1079 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09870-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09870-x

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