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Microstructure and mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufactured thin wall with low-temperature transformation

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Abstract

Low-temperature transformation (LTT) welding wire was initially developed to mitigate residual stress in the weld. It could also be used for internal stress optimization in Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process. In this study, a 26 layers LTT wall sample fabricated by using the WAAM technique was investigated. The microstructure of the LTT deposited wall includes elongated cellular martensite and reticular residual austenite. With the accumulation of deposition height, the prior austenite grain size increases, and the volume fraction of residual austenite and the density of dislocations in martensite decreases. According to the model of martensite transformation kinetics, the original austenite grain size is the main reason that affects the austenite fraction. In addition, the presence of a thermal cycle leads to the refinement of the martensitic microstructure and the increase in the boundary density, as well as the elimination of the sub-stable austenitic phase resulting in higher tensile properties in the middle samples than in the top ones. From the current work, it is clear that the unique thermal cycle treatment of WAAM is beneficial in improving the performance of LTT materials.

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Acknowledgements

The work is partially sponsored by National Science Foundation of China (NSFC No. U2141216) and the Beijing Institute of Technology. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from China Scholarship Council (CSC No: 202106030118) and technical support from the Experimental Center of Advanced Materials (ECAM) of the Beijing Institute of Technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China

    Kaijie Song, Zidong Lin, Ziqian Zhu, Xuefeng Zhao & Xinghua Yu

  2. Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing, 401120, China

    Kaijie Song, Zidong Lin, Ziqian Zhu, Xuefeng Zhao, Yan Li & Xinghua Yu

  3. RAMLAB BV, Scheepsbouwweg 8 F6, 3089JW, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Wei Ya

  4. Department of Design Production & Management, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands

    Constantinos Goulas

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  1. Kaijie Song
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Contributions

KS: Methodology, Conceptualization, Data analysis, Writing—original draft. ZL: visualization, Investigation, writing—review & editing. ZZ and XZ: writing—review & editing. YL: Investigation. Constantinos Goulas, WY and XY: Supervision, Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing.

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Correspondence to Xinghua Yu.

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Song, K., Lin, Z., Zhu, Z. et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of wire and arc additive manufactured thin wall with low-temperature transformation. J Mater Sci 58, 13183–13204 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08645-7

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