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A critical assessment of the methods for intercalating anionic surfactants in layered double hydroxides

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Abstract

Anionic surfactant intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDH) of high purity are easily prepared via direct coprecipitation and also by the ion exchange method provided that the precursor contains a monovalent anion, e.g., LDH–Cl or LDH–NO3. However, LDH–CO3 is an attractive starting material as it is commercially available in bulk form owing to large-scale applications as a PVC stabilizer and acid scavenger in polyolefins. Thus, intercalation of dodecyl sulfate and dodecylbenzenesulfonate into a commercial (LDH) with approximate composition [Mg0.654Al0.346(OH)2](CO3)0.173 · 0.5H2O] was explored. Direct ion exchange is difficult as the carbonate is held tenaciously. In the regeneration method it is removed by thermal treatment and the surfactant form obtained by reaction with the layered double hydroxide that forms in aqueous medium. Unfortunately the resulting products are impure, poorly crystallized and only partial intercalation is achieved. Better results were obtained using water-soluble organic acids, e.g., acetic, butyric, or hexanoic acid, to aid decarbonation of LDH–CO3. Intercalation proceeded at ambient temperatures with the precursor powder suspended in an aqueous dispersion of the anionic surfactant. The carboxylic acids are believed to assist intercalation by facilitating the elimination of the carbonate ions present in the anionic clay galleries.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mrs. C. Harnisch of the Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Dresden e.V. for the Py/GC/MS analysis. Financial support for this research, from the Institutional Research Development Programme (IRDP), the South African Cooperation Fund for Scientific and Technological Developments (NEPAD), the THRIP program of the Department of Trade and Industry and the National Research Foundation of South Africa, as well as Xyris Technology CC, is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Materials, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Lumbidzani Moyo & Nontete Nhlapo

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Walter W. Focke

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  2. Nontete Nhlapo
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Moyo, L., Nhlapo, N. & Focke, W.W. A critical assessment of the methods for intercalating anionic surfactants in layered double hydroxides. J Mater Sci 43, 6144–6158 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2935-0

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