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Habitat complexity in shallow lakes and ponds: importance, threats, and potential for restoration

  • ECOLOGY OF SHALLOW LAKES
  • Review Paper
  • Published:
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Abstract

In this review we describe patterns and mechanisms by which habitat complexity is crucial for the functioning of shallow lakes and ponds, and for the abundance and diversity of biological communities in these ecosystems. Habitat complexity is affected by processes acting at different spatial scales, from the landscape to the ecosystem level (i.e., morphometric attributes) that generate different complexities, determining the potential for organisms to succeed and processes to occur, such as energy and nutrient transfer, and fluxes of greenhouse gases, among others. At the local scale, the three major habitats, pelagic, littoral, and benthic, are characterised by different degrees of structural complexity and a particular set of organisms and processes. Direct and indirect effects of changes in within-lake habitat complexity can either hinder or promote regime shifts in these systems. We also review several anthropogenic pressures (eutrophication, urbanisation, introduction of exotic species, and climate change) that decrease lake resilience through changes in habitat complexity and strategies for habitat complexity restoration. Overall, we emphasize the need to preserve and/or restore habitat complexity as key challenges to account for ecosystem integrity, maintenance of local/regional biodiversity, and for the provision of crucial ecosystem services (e.g., biodiversity, self-purification, and carbon sequestration).

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Acknowledgements

We thank the graphical help of Tinna Christensen (Aarhus University). We also thank the constructive comments by two anonymous reviewers. MM acknowledges the support of ANII (National Agency for Research and Innovation of Uruguay) and PEDECIBA (Program for the Development of Basic Sciences, Uruguay). MM is partly supported by the project funded by the Sectorial Commission of Scientific Research of UDELAR, CSIC I+D 511 grant (Uruguay) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant agreement No 869296—The PONDERFUL Project. MAGS thanks the support by Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMYC)-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET and by MINCyT (Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation), PICT 2016-378.

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  1. Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental, Centro Universitario Regional del Este-Universidad de la República, Maldonado, Uruguay

    Mariana Meerhoff

  2. Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark

    Mariana Meerhoff

  3. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMYC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina

    María de los Ángeles González-Sagrario

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MM conceptualized the study, MM and MAGS conducted literature review and wrote the article.

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Meerhoff, M., de los Ángeles González-Sagrario, M. Habitat complexity in shallow lakes and ponds: importance, threats, and potential for restoration. Hydrobiologia 849, 3737–3760 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04771-y

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