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High predation is of key importance for dominance of small-bodied zooplankton in warm shallow lakes: evidence from lakes, fish exclosures and surface sediments

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Abstract

The mean body size of limnetic cladocerans decreases from cold temperate to tropical regions, in both the northern and the southern hemisphere. This size shift has been attributed to both direct (e.g. physiological) or indirect (especially increased predation) impacts. To provide further information on the role of predation, we compiled results from several studies of subtropical Uruguayan lakes using three different approaches: (i) field observations from two lakes with contrasting fish abundance, Lakes Rivera and Rodó, (ii) fish exclusion experiments conducted in in-lake mesocosms in three lakes, and (iii) analyses of the Daphnia egg bank in the surface sediment of eighteen lakes. When fish predation pressure was low due to fish kills in Lake Rivera, large-bodied Daphnia appeared. In contrast, small-sized cladocerans were abundant in Lake Rodó, which exhibited a typical high abundance of fish. Likewise, relatively large cladocerans (e.g. Daphnia and Simocephalus) appeared in fishless mesocosms after only 2 weeks, most likely hatched from resting egg banks stored in the surface sediment, but their abundance declined again after fish stocking. Moreover, field studies showed that 9 out of 18 Uruguayan shallow lakes had resting eggs of Daphnia in their surface sediment despite that this genus was only recorded in three of the lakes in summer water samples, indicating that Daphnia might be able to build up populations at low risk of predation. Our results show that medium and large-sized zooplankton can occur in subtropical lakes when fish predation is removed. The evidence provided here collectively confirms the hypothesis that predation, rather than high-temperature induced physiological constraints, is the key factor determining the dominance of small-sized zooplankton in warm lakes.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Anne Mette Poulsen for manuscript editing and Tinna Christensen for figure layout. We are grateful for valuable comments by Luigi Naselli-Flores, Lars-Anders Hansson, Frede Østergaard and two anonymous reviewers that significantly improved the final version of the present manuscript. Many thanks to Karina Jensen for the analysis of sediment samples, and to Javier Gorga, Eti Levi, Frank Landkildehus, Kirsten Landkildehus Thomsen, Torben L. Lauridsen, Tommy Silberg, Klaire Houeix, Lúcia Lobão, Marcelo Guerrieri, Nihan Yazgan, Ping Zhong, Juan Pablo Pacheco, Franco Teixeira de Mello, Claudia Fosalba, Soledad García, Nicolás Vidal, Natalia Barberán, Malvina Masdeu, Mariana Vianna, Alejandra Kroger, Iván González-Bergonzoni, Alejandro D’Anatro, Santiago Barberán and Daniella Agratti who gave valuable field assistance. This project was supported by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Denmark. National Research Agency (SNI and PDT) and the Scientific Research Commission of Uruguay (CSIC-Udelar) have also supported part of this project. The EU projects WISER and REFRESH, “CLEAR” (a Villum Kann Rasmussen Centre of Excellence Project), CRES and The Danish Council for Independent Research: Natural Sciences (272-08-0406) supported EJ. CI was supported by a PhD Scholarship from Aarhus University and the Danish Research Agency. NM was supported by Maestría en Ciencias Ambientales, PEDECIBA and SNI (ANII). MM, CK, CI and GL were supported by SNI (ANII).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark

    Carlos Iglesias, Mariana Meerhoff, Susanne L. Amsinck & Erik Jeppesen

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé, Building 1135, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark

    Carlos Iglesias

  3. Grupo de Ecología y Rehabilitación de Sistemas Acuáticos, Centro Universitario Regional Este-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Maldonado, Uruguay

    Carlos Iglesias, Néstor Mazzeo, Mariana Meerhoff, Juan M. Clemente & Guillermo Goyenola

  4. Sección Limnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Gissell Lacerot, Flavio Scasso, Carla Kruk & Javier García-Alonso

  5. Laboratorio Tecnológico del Uruguay, Av. Italia 6201, CP 11500, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Juan M. Clemente

  6. Zoology Department, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK

    Javier García-Alonso

  7. Instituto Nacional de Limnología-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Ciudad Universitaria. Paraje “El Pozo”, CP 3000, Santa Fé, Argentina

    Juan C. Paggi & Susana José de Paggi

  8. Greenland Climate Research Centre (GCRC), Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Kivioq 2, P.O. Box 570 3900, Nuuk, Greenland

    Erik Jeppesen

  9. Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Beijing, China

    Erik Jeppesen

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  1. Carlos Iglesias
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Iglesias, C., Mazzeo, N., Meerhoff, M. et al. High predation is of key importance for dominance of small-bodied zooplankton in warm shallow lakes: evidence from lakes, fish exclosures and surface sediments. Hydrobiologia 667, 133–147 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0645-0

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