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Free N-linked oligosaccharide chains: Formation and degradation

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Abstract

There is growing evidence that N-linked glycans play pivotal roles in protein folding and intra- and/or intercellular trafficking of N-glycosylated proteins. It has been shown that during the N-glycosylation of proteins, significant amounts of free oligosaccharides (free OSs) are generated in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a mechanism which remains to be clarified. Free OSs are also formed in the cytosol by enzymatic deglycosylation of misfolded glycoproteins, which are subjected to destruction by a cellular system called “ER-associated degradation (ERAD).” While the precise functions of free OSs remain obscure, biochemical studies have revealed that a novel cellular process enables them to be catabolized in a specialized manner, that involves pumping free OSs in the lumen of the ER into the cytosol where further processing occurs. This process is followed by entry into the lysosomes. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the formation, processing and degradation of free OSs in eukaryotes and also discuss the potential biological significance of this pathway. Other evidence for the occurrence of free OSs in various cellular processes is also presented.

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Abbreviations

Dol:

dolichol

EDEM:

ER degradation enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein

ENGase:

endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase

EST:

Expression sequence tag

Gn1:

oligosaccharide with single GlcNAc at its reducing terminus

Gn2:

oligosaccharide with N,N′-diacetylchitobiose at its reducing terminus

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

ERAD:

ER-associated degradation

OS:

oligosaccharide

OST:

oligosaccharyltransferase

PNGase:

peptide:N-glycanase

UNG:

unconjugated N-glycan

MDBK:

Mardin-Darby bovine kidney

CHO:

Chinese Hamster Ovary

UGGT:

UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 21st COE (Center of Excellence) Program and Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Tadashi Suzuki

  2. CREST (Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology), JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), Saitama, Japan

    Tadashi Suzuki & Yoko Funakoshi

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Yoko Funakoshi

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  1. Tadashi Suzuki
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Suzuki, T., Funakoshi, Y. Free N-linked oligosaccharide chains: Formation and degradation. Glycoconj J 23, 291–302 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-006-6975-x

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