Abstract
Tire derived aggregates have recently been in wide use both in industry and engineering applications depending on the size and the application sought. Five different contents of tire derived aggregates (TDA) were mixed with sand thoroughly to ensure homogeneity. A series of large scale oedometer experiments were conducted to investigate the compressibility properties of the mixtures. Tire shreds content, TDA aspect ratio, skeletal relative density and overburden pressure are studied parameters. Constrained deformation modulus and coefficient of earth pressure at rest are measured parameters. All tests were conducted at seven overburden pressure levels. It was concluded that deformability of TDA-sand mixture increases with soft inclusion. Overburden pressure and skeletal relative density are also important parameters which render more rigidity and less lateral earth pressure coefficient accordingly. TDA size or aspect ratio was shown to have minor effect at least for the constrained strain conditions encountered in current study. An EPR-based parametric study and also sensitivity analyses based on cosine amplitude method revealed quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of each input parameter in varying deformation and lateral earth pressure coefficient as the outputs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed I, Lovell CW (1993) Rubber soils as lightweight geomaterials. Transp Res Rec 1422:61–70
Ahn IS, Cheng L (2017) Seismic analysis of semi-gravity RC cantilever retaining wall with TDA backfill. Front Struct Civ Eng J 11(4):455–469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-017-0392-z
Ahn IS, Cheng L, Fox PJ, Wright J, Patenaude S, Fujii B (2014) Material properties of large-size tire derived aggregate for civil engineering applications. Mater Civ Eng J 27(9):04014258. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001225
Allman MA, Simundic G (1998) Testing of a retaining wall constructed of waste tires. In: Proceeding of 3rd international congress on environmental geotechnics, vol 2, pp 655–660
Anastasiadis A, Senetakis K, Pitilakis K (2012) Small-strain shear modulus and damping ratio of sand-rubber and gravel-rubber mixtures. Geotech Geol Eng J 30(2):363–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9473-2
ASTM D3999/D3999M-11e1 (2011) Standard test methods for the determination of the modulus and damping properties of soils using the cyclic triaxial apparatus, ASTM International, West Conshohocken. www.astm.org. Accessed 10 Oct 2016
ASTM D6270-08 (2012) Standard practice for use of scrap tires in civil engineering applications, ASTM International, West Conshohocken. www.astm.org. Accessed 10 Oct 2016
Bosscher PJ, Edil TB, Kuraoka S (1997) Design of highway embankments using tire chips. Geotech Geol Eng J 123(4):295–304. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:4(295)
Disfani MM, Tsang HH, Arulrajah A, Yaghoubi E (2017) Shear and compression characteristics of recycled glass-tire mixtures. Mater Civ Eng J 29(6):06017003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001857
Drescher A, Newcomb D, Heimdahl T (1999) Deformability of shredded tires. Final report, 1996–1998 (No. PB-99-162588/XAB). Minnesota University, Department of Civil Engineering, Minneapolis, MN (United States); Minnesota Department of Transportation, Office of Research Services, St. Paul
Edil TB (2004) A review of mechanical and chemical properties of shredded tires and soil mixtures. In: Aydilek AH, Wartman J (eds) Recycled materials in geotechnics. American Society of Civil Engineers, GSP 127, ASCE Baltimore, pp 1–21
Edil TB, Bosscher PJ (1994) Engineering properties of tire chips and soil mixtures. Geotech Test J 17(4):453–464. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10306J
Edinçliler A, Baykal G, Dengili K (2004) Determination of static and dynamic behavior of recycled materials for highways. Resour Conserv Recycl J 42(3):223–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.04.003
El Naggar H, Soleimani P, Fakhroo A (2016) Strength and stiffness properties of green lightweight fill mixtures. Geotech Geol Eng J 34(3):867–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-016-0010-1
Eldin NN, Senouci AB (1993) Rubber-tire particles as concrete aggregate. Mater Civ Eng J 5(4):478–496. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1993)5:4(478)
Evans TM, Valdes JR (2011) The microstructure of particulate mixtures in one-dimensional compression: numerical studies. Granul Matter J 13(5):657–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-011-0278-z
Fathali M, Nejad FM, Esmaeili M (2016) Influence of tire-derived aggregates on the properties of railway ballast material. Mater Civ Eng J 29(1):04016177. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001702
Feng ZY, Sutter KG (2000) Dynamic properties of granulated rubber and mixtures. Geotech Test J 23:338–344. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11055J
Finney B, Chandler Z, Bruce J, Apple B (2013) Properties of tire derived aggregate for civil engineering applications. (CalRecycle) California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery, Humbolt State University, Sacramento
Giustolisi O, Savic DA (2003) Evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR): development and applications, report 2003/01. School of Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter
Hall TJ (1991) Reuse of shredded tire material for leachate collection systems. In: Humphrey DN, Manion (eds) Proceedings, 14th annual Madison waste conference. Department of Engineering Professional Development, University of Wisconsin-Madison, pp 367–376
Heimdahl TC, Drescher A (1999) Elastic anisotropy of tire shreds. Geotech Geoenviron Eng J 125(5):383–389. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:5(383)
Hudson AP, Beaven RP, Powrie W (2003) Bulk compressibility and hydraulic conductivity of used tyres for landfill drainage applications. In: Proceeding Sardinia 2003: 9th international waste management and landfill symposium, 6–10 October, Sardina
Humphrey DN (2007) Tire derived aggregate as lightweight fill for embankments and retaining walls. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on scrap tire derived geomaterials-opportunities and challenges, IW-TDGM, pp 59–81
Humphrey DN, Eaton RA (1995) Field performance of tire chips as subgrade insulation for rural roads. In: Proceedings of 6th international conference on low-volume roads. Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, pp 77–86
Humphrey DN, Manion WP (1992) Properties of tire chips for lightweight fill. Grouting Soil Improv Geosynth 30(2):1344–1355
Humphrey DN, Nickels WL (1997) Effect of tire chips as lightweight fill on pavement performance. In: Proceedings of 14th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, New Delhi, pp 1617–1620
Humphrey DN, Sandford TC (1993) Tire chips as lightweight subgrade fill and retaining wall backfill. Symposium on recovery and effective reuse of discarded material and by-products for construction of highway facilities. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC
Humphrey DN, Sandford TC, Cribbs MM, Gharegrat H, Manion WP (1992) Tire shreds as lightweight backfill for retaining walls-phase I. A study for the new England transportation consortium. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Maine, Orono
Humphrey DN, Sandford TC, Cribbs MM, Manion WP (1993) Shear strength and compressibility of tire chips for use as retaining wall backfill. In: Lightweight artificial and waste materials for embankments over soft soils. Transportation research record 1422. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 29–35
Jamshidi Chenari R, Fard MK, Maghfarati SP, Pishgar F, Machado SL (2016) An investigation on the geotechnical properties of sand-EPS mixture using large oedometer apparatus. Constr Build Mater J 113:773–782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.083
Jamshidi Chenari R, Fatahi B, Akhavan Maroufi MA, Alaie R (2017) Experimental and numerical investigation on compressibility and settlement behavior of sand mixed with tire shreds. Geotechn Geol Eng J 35:2401–2420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0255-3
Kim HK, Santamarina JC (2008) Sand-rubber mixtures (large rubber chips). Can Geotech J 45(10):1457–1466. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-070
Lambe TW, Whitman RV (2008) Soil mechanics SI version. Wiley, Hoboken
Lassiter A (2009) Septic system trench TDA-A national overview. New York State TDA Workshop, Center for Integrated Waste Management, Buffalo
Laucelli D, Berardi L, Dogliono A (2005) Evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR) toolbox. Technical University Bari, Bari
Lawrence B, Humphrey D, Chen LH (1999) Field trial of tire shreds as insulation for paved roads. In: Cold regions engineering: putting research into practice. ASCE, pp 428–439
Meles D, Bayat A, Soleymani H (2012) Compression behavior of large-sized tire-derived aggregate for embankment application. Mater Civ Eng J 25(9):1285–1290. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000675
Meles D, Bayat A, Chan D (2014) One-dimensional compression model for tire-derived aggregate using large-scale testing apparatus. Int J Geotech Eng 8(2):197–204. https://doi.org/10.1179/1939787913Y.0000000019
Meles D, Chan D, Yi Y, Bayat A (2015) Finite-element analysis of highway embankment made from tire-derived aggregate. Mater Civ Eng J 28(2):04015100. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001371
Mills B, McGinn J (2010) Design, construction, and performance of a highway embankment failure repaired with tire-derived aggregate. Transp Res Rec Transp Res Board J 2170:90–99. https://doi.org/10.3141/2170-11
Monjezi M, Bahrami A, Varjani AY, Sayadi AR (2011) Prediction and controlling of flyrock in blasting operation using artificial neural network. Arab J Geosci 4(3–4):421–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0091-8
Monjezi M, Khoshalan HA, Varjani AY (2012) Prediction of flyrock and back break in open pit blasting operation: a neuro-genetic approach. Arab J Geosci 5(3):441–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0185-3
Moo-Young H, Sellasie K, Zeroka D, Sabnis G (2003) Physical and chemical properties of recycled tire shreds for use in construction. Environ Eng J 129(10):921–929. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:10(921)
Neaz Sheikh M, Mashiri MS, Vinod JS, Tsang HH (2012) Shear and compressibility behavior of sand-tire crumb mixtures. Mater Civ Eng J 25(10):1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000696
Newcomb DE, Drescher A (1994) Engineering properties of shredded tires in lightweight fill applications. Transportation research record 1437. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, pp 1–7
Park JK, Edil TB, Kim JY, Huh M, Lee SH, Lee JJ (2003) Suitability of shredded tyres as a substitute for a landfill leachate collection medium. Waste Manag Res J 21(3):278–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X0302100311
Perez JL, Kwok CY, Senetakis K (2016) Effect of rubber size on the behavior of sand-rubber mixtures: a numerical investigation. Comput Geotech J 80:199–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.07.005
Rao GV, Dutta RK (2006) Compressibility and strength behaviour of sand-tyre chip mixtures. Geotech Geol Eng J 24(3):711–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-004-4006-x
Reddy SB, Krishna AM (2017) Sand-tire chip mixtures for sustainable geoengineering applications. In: Sivakumar Babu G, Saride S, Basha B (eds) Sustainability issues in civil engineering. Springer, Singapore, pp 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1930-2-13
Reddy KR, Saichek RE (1998) Characterization and performance assessment of shredded scrap tires as leachate drainage material in landfills. In: Proceedings of the fourteenth international conference on solid waste technology and management, Philadelphia, pp 407–416
Rezania M, Faramarzi A, Javadi AA (2011) An evolutionary based approach for assessment of earthquake-induced soil liquefaction and lateral displacement. Eng Appl Artif Intell 24(1):142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2010.09.010
Rowe RK, McIsaac R (2005) Clogging of tire shreds and gravel permeated with landfill leachate. Geotech Geoenviron Eng J 131(6):682–693. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:6(682)
Senetakis K, Anastasiadis A, Pitilakis K (2012) Dynamic properties of dry sand/rubber (SRM) and gravel/rubber (GRM) mixtures in a wide range of shearing strain amplitudes. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng J 33(1):38–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.10.003
Shahin MA, Maier HR, Jaksa MB (2004) Data division for developing neural networks applied to geotechnical engineering. Comput Civ Eng J 18(2):105–114. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2004)18:2(105)
Shalaby A, Khan RA (2005) Design of unsurfaced roads constructed with large-size shredded rubber tires: a case study. Resour Conserv Recycl J 44(4):318–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.12.004
Strenk PM, Wartman J, Grubb DG, Humphrey DN, Natale MF (2007) Variability and scale-dependency of tire-derived aggregate. Mater Civ Eng J 19(3):233–241. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:3(233)
Tandon V, Velazco DA, Nazarian S, Picornell M (2007) Performance monitoring of embankments containing tire chips: case study. Perform Constr Facil J 21(3):207–214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2007)21:3(207)
Tatlisoz N, Benson CH, Edil TB (1997) Effect of fines on mechanical properties of soil-tire chip mixtures. In: Wasemiller MA, Hoddinott KB (eds) Testing soil mixed with waste or recycled materials. ASTM International, ASTM STP 1275, pp 93–108
Tatlisoz N, Edil TB, Benson CH (1998) Interaction between reinforcing geosynthetics and soil-tire chip mixtures. Geotech Geoenviron Eng J 124(11):1109–1119. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:11(1109)
Tweedie J, Humphrey D, Sandford T (1998) Full-scale field trials of tire shreds as lightweight retaining wall backfill under at-rest conditions. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 1619:64–71. https://doi.org/10.3141/1619-08
Warith MA, Rao SM (2006) Predicting the compressibility behaviour of tire shred samples for landfill applications. Waste Manag J 26(3):268–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.04.011
Wartman J, Natale MF, Strenk PM (2007) Immediate and time-dependent compression of tire derived aggregate. Geotech Geoenviron Eng J 133(3):245–256. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:3(245)
Wolfe SL, Humphrey DN, Wetzel EA (2004) Development of tire shred underlayment to reduce groundborne vibration from LRT track. In: Geotechnical engineering for transportation projects, pp 750–759
Yang Y, Zhang Q (1997) Analysis for the results of point load testing with artificial neural network. In: Proceedings of computer methods and advances in geomechanics, IACMAG, pp 607–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00366-009-0157-y
Yang S, Lohnes RA, Kjartanson BH (2002) Mechanical properties of shredded tires. Geotech Test J 25(1):44–52. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11078J
Yi Y, Meles D, Nassiri S, Bayat A (2014) On the compressibility of tire-derived aggregate: comparison of results from laboratory and field tests. Can Geotech J 52(4):442–458. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0110
Yoon S, Prezzi M, Siddiki NZ, Kim B (2006) Construction of a test embankment using a sand-tire shred mixture as fill material. Waste Manag J 26(9):1033–1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.10.009
Youwai S, Bergado DT (2003) Strength and deformation characteristics of shredded rubber tire - sandmixtures. Canad Geotech J 40(2):254–264. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-104
Zimmerman PS (1997) Compressibility, hydraulic conductivity, and soil infiltration testing of tire shreds and field testing of a shredded tire horizontal drain. M.S. Thesis, Iowa State University, Ames
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jamshidi Chenari, R., Alaie, R. & Fatahi, B. Constrained Compression Models for Tire-Derived Aggregate-Sand Mixtures Using Enhanced Large Scale Oedometer Testing Apparatus. Geotech Geol Eng 37, 2591–2610 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-00780-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-00780-2