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Energy consumption and emission projection for the road transport sector in Malaysia: an application of the LEAP model

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Abstract

This study has attempted to estimate the energy consumption and emission of pollutants namely carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) from the road transport sector in Malaysia from the year 2012 till 2040. This was done using the long-range energy alternatives planning (LEAP) model. Estimates of energy consumption and emissions were evaluated and analysed under a business-as-usual scenario and three other alternative fuel policy scenarios of biodiesel vehicles (BIO), natural gas vehicles (NGV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The aim of this study has been to identify the potential alternative fuel policies that would be effective in reducing the future growth of road transport energy consumption and emission in Malaysia. Results indicate that the NGV scenario contributes towards the highest reduction in road transport energy consumption followed by BIO and HEV. The NGV scenario also achieves highest mitigation of emission of all the four pollutants. In the case of CO2 emission, BIO scenario attains second highest mitigation, whereas in the event of CO, NOx and NMVOC emission, HEV scenario achieves second highest mitigation.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful for the research grants ‘Long-Term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS)’ under the Ministry of Education, Malaysia (Project Code: LRGS/TD/2011/UKM/PG/02) and ‘Research development Fund/Dana embangunan enyelidikan TJ’ (DPP-2013-144).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economics and Management, School of Economics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Musharrat Azam, Jamal Othman & Nor Ghani Md. Nor

  2. Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Rawshan Ara Begum & Sharifah Mastura Syed Abdullah

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  1. Musharrat Azam
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  2. Jamal Othman
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  3. Rawshan Ara Begum
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  4. Sharifah Mastura Syed Abdullah
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  5. Nor Ghani Md. Nor
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Correspondence to Musharrat Azam.

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Azam, M., Othman, J., Begum, R.A. et al. Energy consumption and emission projection for the road transport sector in Malaysia: an application of the LEAP model. Environ Dev Sustain 18, 1027–1047 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9684-4

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