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Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity response to environmentally relevant complex metal mixture (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd) accumulated in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Part I: importance of exposure time and tissue dependence

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Abstract

Health impact of metal mixture at environment realistic concentrations are difficult to predict especially for long-term effects where cause-and-effect relationships may not be directly obvious. This study was aimed to evaluate metal mixture (Zn—0.1, Cu—0.01, Ni—0.01, Cr—0.01, Pb—0.005 and Cd—0.005 mg/L, respectively for 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28 days at concentrations accepted for the inland waters in EU) genotoxicity (micronuclei, nuclear buds, nuclear buds on filament), cytotoxicity (8-shaped nuclei, fragmented-apoptotic erythrocytes), bioaccumulation, steady-state and the reference level of geno-cytotoxicity in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon tissues. Metals accumulated mostly in gills and kidneys, to the lesser extent in the muscle. Uptake of metals from an entire mixture in the fish for 14 days is sufficient to reach steady-state Cr, Pb concentrations in all tissues; Zn, Cu—in kidneys and muscle, Ni—in liver, kidneys, muscle and Cd—in muscle. Treatment with metal mixture significantly increased summed genotoxicity levels at 7 days of exposure in peripheral blood and liver erythrocytes, at 14 days of exposure in gills and kidney erythrocytes. Significant elevation of cytotoxicity was detected after 2 and 14 days of exposure in gills erythrocytes and after 28 days—in peripheral blood erythrocytes. The amount of Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd accumulated in tissues was dependent upon duration of exposure; nuclear buds, 8-shaped nuclei frequencies also were dependent upon duration of exposure. This study indicates that metals at low levels when existing in mixture causes significant geno-cytotoxicity responses and metals bioaccumulation in salmon.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the research infrastructure Open Access Centre for Nature Research at the initiative of the Open R&D Lithuania network. This work is funded by the Research Council of Lithuania, Project No MIP-108/2015. Geno-cytotoxicity studies were performed under Nature Research Centre program 3. We are thankful to Dalia Baršytė Lovejoy (Toronto University) for the language check.

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  1. Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Milda Stankevičiūtė, Gintarė Sauliutė, Gintaras Svecevičius, Nijolė Kazlauskienė & Janina Baršienė

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  1. Milda Stankevičiūtė
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  2. Gintarė Sauliutė
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  3. Gintaras Svecevičius
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Correspondence to Milda Stankevičiūtė.

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Stankevičiūtė, M., Sauliutė, G., Svecevičius, G. et al. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity response to environmentally relevant complex metal mixture (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd) accumulated in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Part I: importance of exposure time and tissue dependence. Ecotoxicology 26, 1051–1064 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-017-1833-0

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