Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Loss Aversion and Individual Characteristics

  • Published:
Environmental and Resource Economics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 08 March 2011

Abstract

Many studies have shown that loss aversion affects the valuation of non-market goods. Using stated choice data, this paper presents an empirical investigation of how individual-level loss aversion varies with observable personal characteristics and with the choice context. We investigate loss aversion with respect to travel time and money, and find significant loss aversion in both dimensions. The degree of loss aversion in the time dimension is larger than in the money dimension, and depends on age and education. Subjects tend to be more loss averse when the reference is well established.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

EG:

Equivalent gain

EL:

Equivalent loss

MRS:

Marginal rate of substitution

WTP:

Willingness-to-pay

WTA:

Willingness-to-accept

References

  • Arkes H, Hirshleifer D, Jiang D, Lim S (2008) Reference point adaptation: tests in the domain of security trading. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 105: 67–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman I, Munro A, Rhodes B, Starmer C, Sugden R (1997) A test of the theory of reference-dependent preferences. Q J Econ 112: 479–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman I, Kahneman D, Munro A, Starmer C, Sugden R (2005) Testing competing models of loss aversion: an adversarial collaboration. J Public Econ 89: 1561–1580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booij AS, van de Kuilen G (2009) A parameter-free analysis of the utility of money for the general population under prospect theory. J Econ Psychol 30: 651–666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks P, Zank H (2005) Loss averse behavior. J Risk Uncertain 31: 301–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain G (1984) Panel data. In: Griliches Z, Intriligator MD (eds) Handbook of econometrics, vol 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1247–1318

    Google Scholar 

  • De Borger B, Fosgerau M (2008) The trade-off between money and travel time: a test of the theory of reference-dependent preferences. J Urban Econ 64: 101–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doornik JA (2001) Ox: an object-oriented matrix programming language. Timberlake Consultants Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosgerau M (2007) Using nonparametrics to specify a model to measure the value of travel time. Trans Res Part A 41: 842–856

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosgerau M, De Borger B (2009) Hedonic preferences, symmetric loss aversion and the willingness to pay—willingness to accept gap. International choice modelling conference, Harrogate 2009

  • Fosgerau M, Engelson L (2011) The value of travel time variance. Trans Res Part B: Methodol 45(1): 1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fosgerau M, Hjorth K, Lyk-Jensen SV (2007) The Danish value of time study: final report. Danish Transport Research Institute

  • Gächter S, Johnson E, Herrmann A (2007) Individual-level loss aversion in riskless and risky choices. Discussion Paper No. 2007–2002, Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics, University of Nottingham

  • Gilboa I, Schmeidler D (1989) Maxmin expected utility with non-unique prior. J Math Econ 18: 141–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn H (2001) Spatial and temporal transferability of relationships between travel demand, trip cost and travel time. Trans Res Part E 37: 163–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison GW, Rutström EE (2008) Risk aversion in the laboratory. In: Isaac RM, Norton DA (eds) Risk aversion in experiments, research in experimental economics, vol 12, pp 41–196

  • Harrison GW, Rutström EE (2009) Expected utility theory and prospect theory: one wedding and a decent funeral. Exp Econ 12: 133–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz JK, McConnell KE (2002) A review of WTA/WTP studies. J Environ Econ Manage 44: 426–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz JK, McConnell KE (2003) Willingness to accept, willingness to pay and the income effect. J Econ Behavior Organ 51: 537–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hultkrantz L, Mortazavi R (2001) Anomalies in the value of travel-time changes. J Trans Econ Policy 35: 285–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Isoni A, Loomes G, Sugden R (2011) The willingness to paywillingness to accept gap, the endowment effect, subject misconceptions, and experimental procedures for eliciting valuations: A reassessment. American Economic Review Forthcoming

  • Johnson E, Gächter S, Herrmann A (2006) Exploring the nature of loss aversion. Discussion Paper No. 2015, Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn

  • Johnson E, Häubl G, Keinan A (2007) Aspects of endowment: a query theory of value construction. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 33: 461–474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman D, Knetsch JL, Thaler RH (1990) Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the coase theorem. J Politi Econ 98: 1325–1348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köbberling V, Wakker P (2005) An index of loss aversion. J Econ Theory 122: 119–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köszegi B, Rabin M (2004) A model of reference-dependent preferences. Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, Working Paper No. 1061, 2004

  • Köszegi B, Rabin M (2006) A model of reference-dependent preferences. Q J Econ 121: 1133–1165

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Q, Racine J (2007) Nonparametric econometrics: theory and practice. Princeton University Press, Princeton

    Google Scholar 

  • List JA (2005) Scientific numerology, preference anomalies, and environmental policymaking. Environ Resour Econ 32: 35–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • List JA (2007) Neoclassical theory versus prospect theory: evidence from the marketplace. Econometrica 72: 615–625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loomes G, Starmer C, Sugden R (2003) Do anomalies disappear in repeated markets?. Econ J 113: C153–C166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loomes G, Orr S, Sugden R (2009) Taste uncertainty and status quo effects in consumer choice. J Risk Uncertain 39: 113–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loomes G, Starmer C, Sugden R (2010) Preference reversals and disparities between willingness to pay and willingness to accept in repeated markets. J Econ Psychol 31: 374–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackie P, Fowkes A, Wardman W, Whelan G, Nellthorp J, Bates J (2003) Value of travel time savings in the UK—summary report. Report to Department for Transport. Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds in association with John Bates Services

  • Munro A, Sugden R (2003) On the theory of reference-dependent preferences. J Econ Behavior Organ 50: 407–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plott CR, Zeiler K (2005) The willingness to pay - willingness to accept gap, the ‘endowment effect’, subject misconceptions, and experimental procedures for eliciting valuations. Am Econ Rev 95: 530–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayman S, Öncüler A (2005) Effects of study design characteristics on the WTA-WTP disparity: A meta analytical framework. J Econ Psychol 26: 289–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt U, Traub S (2002) An experimental test of loss aversion. J Risk Uncertain 25: 233–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wooldridge J (2002) Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Katrine Hjorth.

Additional information

An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-011-9460-3

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hjorth, K., Fosgerau, M. Loss Aversion and Individual Characteristics. Environ Resource Econ 49, 573–596 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9455-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9455-5

Keywords

JEL Classification

Navigation