Abstract
Textile based sensors, an emerging class of wearable devices, are a potential platform for next generation, functionality and amenability for the human body incorporating sensing and control. The main purpose of this review is to provide an overview of textile based sensors, sensor substrates, and substrate pre-processing including surface modification of the base substrates. This review also summarizes various conducting polymers and inks, production methods of developing robust conductive fibres or textiles, and different factors affecting the durability and cleaning of conductive textiles. This manuscript also critically examines properties relating to acceptability and performance of textile based sensors which are subjected to wear and care during repeated use e.g. care, maintenance, and durability. This aspect (wear and care) of performance is often ignored during development. Wear and care effects on performance need to be understood and solutions found for extending the life cycle and performance of textile based sensors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdelkader AM, Karim N, Vallés C, Afroj S, Novoselov KS, Yeates SG (2017) Ultraflexible and robust graphene supercapacitors printed on textiles for wearable electronics applications 2. D Mater 4:035016–035024. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa7d71
Afroj S et al (2019) Engineering graphene flakes for wearable textile sensors via highly scalable and ultrafast yarn dyeing technique. ACS Nano 13:3847–3857. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b00319
Afroj S, Tan S, Abdelkader AM, Novoselov KS, Karim N (2020) Highly conductive, scalable, and machine washable graphene-based e-textiles for multifunctional wearable electronic applications. Adv Func Mater 0:1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000293
Åkerfeldt M, Lund A, Walkenström P (2015) Textile sensing glove with piezoelectric PVDF fibers and printed electrodes of PEDOT:PSS. Text Res J 85:1789–1799. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517515578333
Alamer FA (2017) A simple method for fabricating highly electrically conductive cotton fabric without metals or nanoparticles, using PEDOT. PSS J Alloys Compd 702:266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.001
Aleksander M, Bobnar V, Malič B (2017) Tailoring ink substrate interactions via thin polymeric layers for high resolution printing . Langmuir 33:11893–11900. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02181
Alena P et al (2016) Surface analysis of polymeric substrates used for inkjet printing technology. Circuit World 42:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/CW-10-2015-0047
Ali M, Bashour F, Roohi F, Ali A (2012) A strategy to enhance the thermal stability of a nanostructured polypyrrole based coating for solid phase microextraction. Microchim Acta 177:301–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-012-0771-z
Aminayi P, Young B, Young T, Sprowl L, Joyce M (2017) Inkjet printing and surface treatment of an optimized polyurethane based ink formulation as a suitable insulator over silver for contact with aqueous based fluids in low voltage applications. J Coat Technol Res 14:641–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-016-9882-5
Ansari R, Keivani M (2006) Polyaniline conducting electroactive polymers thermal and environmental stability studies. J Chem 3:202–217
Aroganam G, Manivannan N, Harrison D (2019) Review on wearable technology sensors used in consumer sport applications . Sensors 19:1–26. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19091983
Asta KM, Viktor M, Almira R, Arunas R (2011) Evaluation of amperometric glucose biosensors based on glucose oxidase encapsulated within enzymatically synthesized polyaniline and polypyrrole. Sens Actuators B 158:278–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.06.019
Atalay O, Atalay A, Gafford J, Wang H, Wood R, Walsh C (2017) A highly stretchable capacitive based strain sensor based on metal deposition and laser rastering. Adv Mater Technol 2:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700081
Aumann S, Trummer S, Brücken A, Ehrmann A, Büsgen A (2014) Conceptual design of a sensory shirt for fire fighters. Text Res J 84:1661–1665. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517514525882
Azab MY, Hameed MFO, Obayya S (2017) Multi-functional optical sensor based on plasmonic photonic liquid crystal fibers . Opt Quantum Electron 49:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0849-7
Barker RL (2002) From fabric hand to thermal comfort: the evolving role of objective measurements in explaining human comfort response to textiles. Int J Cloth Sci Technol 14:181–200. https://doi.org/10.1108/09556220210437158
Bashir T, Skrifvars M, Persson N (2011) Production of highly conductive textile viscose yarns by chemical vapor deposition technique: a route to continuous process. Polym Adv Technol 22:2214–2221. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1748
Bucella SG, Nava G, Vishunubhatla KC, Caironi M (2013) High resolution direct writing of metallic electrodes on flexible substrates for high performance organic field effect transistors. Org Electron 14:2249–2256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2013.05.002
Büscher GH, Kõiva R, Schürmann C, Haschke R, Ritter HJ (2015) Flexible and stretchable fabric-based tactile sensor. Robot Autono Syst 63:244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2014.09.007
Cai G, Yang M, Xu Z, Liu J, Tang B, Wang X (2017) Flexible and wearable strain sensing fabrics. Chem Eng J 325:396–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.05.091
Caldara M, Colleoni C, Guido E, Re V, Rosace G (2016) Optical monitoring of sweat pH by a textile fabric wearable sensor based on covalently bonded litmus-3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane coating. Sens Actuators B 222:213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2015.08.073
Campbell TE, Munro BJ, Wallace GG, Steele JR (2007) Can fabric sensors monitor breast motion? J Biomech 40:3056–3059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.01.020
Campbell RG, Williams IH (2018) Nutritional principles, integration, modelling and research management to practical applications: an overview of John Langtree Black’s contribution to animal science. Anim Prod Sci 58:601–612. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15787
Cetiner S (2014) Dielectric and morphological studies of nanostructured polypyrrole coated cotton fabrics. Text Res J 84:1463–1475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517514523180
Chauraya A et al (2013) Inkjet printed dipole antennas on textiles for wearable communications. IET Microw Antennas Propag 7:760–767. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2013.0076
Chen X et al (2019) Environmentally friendly flexible strain sensor from waste cotton fabrics and natural rubber latex . Polym (Basel) 11:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11030404
Chen W, Lei Y, Li CM (2010) Regenerable leptin immunosensor based on protein G immobilized Au-pyrrole propylic acid‐polypyrrole nanocomposite . Electroanalysis 22:1078–1083. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200900536
Cheng H et al (2013) Textile electrodes woven by carbon nanotube–graphene hybrid fibers for flexible electrochemical capacitors . Nanoscale 5:3428–3434. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr00320e
Cheng Y et al (2019) A novel strategy for fabricating robust superhydrophobic fabrics by environmentally-friendly enzyme etching. Chem Eng J 355:290–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.08.113
Cho J, Moon J, Jeong K, Cho G (2007) Application of PU-sealing into Cu/Ni electroless plated polyester fabrics for e-textiles. Fibers Polym 8:330–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02877279
Choi CM, Kwon SN, Na SI (2017) Conductive PEDOT:PSS coated poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide thread for highly durable electronic textiles. J Ind Eng Chem 50:155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.02.009
Chuang MC, Windmiller JR, Santhosh P, Ramírez GV, Galik M, Chou TY, Wang J (2010) Textile-based electrochemical sensing: effect of fabric substrate and detection of nitroaromatic explosives . Electroanalysis 22:2511–2518
Chun KY, Son YJ, Jeon ES, Lee S, Han CS (2018) A self powered sensor mimicking slow and fast adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Adv Mater 30:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201706299
Cottet D, Grzyb J, Kirstein T, Troster G (2003) Electrical characterization of textile transmission lines. IEEE Trans Adv Packag 26:182–190. https://doi.org/10.1109/TADVP.2003.817329
Cui Y, Zhang M, Li J, Luo H, Zhang X, Fu Z (2019) WSMS: wearable stress monitoring system based on IoT multi-sensor platform for living sheep transportation . Electronics 8:441–459. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040441
Dall’Acqua L, Tonin C, Varesano A, Canetti M, Porzio W, Catellani M (2006) Vapour phase polymerisation of pyrrole on cellulose-based textile substrates. Synth Met 156:379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.12.021
Debnath M, Ahmad H (2017) An industry friendly approach for the preparation of magnetic and electro conductive polyaniline composite particles. J Sci Res 9:403–411. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v9i4.32724
Deepa M, Ahmad S (2008) Polypyrrole films electropolymerized from ionic liquids and in a traditional liquid electrolyte: a comparison of morphology and electro optical properties. Eur Polym J 44:3288–3299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.07.045
Denton MJ, Daniels PN (2018) Textile terms and definitions, vol 11, 11th edn. The Textile Institute, Manchester, pp 1–406
Ding Y, Invernale MA, Sotzing GA (2010) Conductivity trends of PEDOT:PSS impregnated fabric and the effect of conductivity on electrochromic textile. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2:1588–1593. https://doi.org/10.1021/am100036n
Drelinkiewicz A, Zięba A, Sobczak J, Bonarowska M, Karpiński Z, Waksmundzka G, Stejskal A (2009) Polyaniline stabilized highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and catalytic properties. React Funct Polym 69:630–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2009.04.007
Du D, Li P, Ouyang J (2016) Graphene coated nonwoven fabrics as wearable sensors. J Mater Chem C 4:3224–3230
Dąbrowska A et al (2016) Materials used to simulate physical properties of human skin Skin. Res Technol 22:3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12235
Ehrmann A, Heimlich F, Brücken A, Weber M, Haug R (2014) Suitability of knitted fabrics as elongation sensors subject to structure, stitch dimension and elongation direction. Text Res J 84:2006–2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517514548812
Fan Q, Zhang X, Qin Z (2012) Preparation of polyaniline/polyurethane fibers and their piezoresistive property. J Macromol Sci B 51:736–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2011.609795
Fan X, Wang N, Wang J, Xu B, Yan F (2018) Highly sensitive, durable and stretchable plastic strain sensors using sandwich structures of PEDOT:PSS and an elastomer. Mater Chem Front 2:355–361. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7qm00497d
Fernandes K, Lima C, Pinho H, Collins C (2003) Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase onto polyaniline polymers. Process Biochem 38:1379–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00021-9
Ferraz N, Strømme M, Fellström B, Pradhan S, Nyholm L, Mihranyan A (2012) In vitro and in vivo toxicity of rinsed and aged nanocellulose–polypyrrole composites. J Biomed Mater Res A 100:2128–2138. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.34070
Ferrero F, Napoli L, Tonin C, Varesano A (2006) Pyrrole chemical polymerization on textiles: kinetics and operating conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 102:4121–4126. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.24149
Filipowska B, Wiśniewski B, Zawadzka Michalak L (2016) Creation of electro conductive paths and patterns by screen printing on textile bases. Text Res J 88:261–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517516679146
Fukuda K, Someya T (2017) Recent progress in the development of printed thin film transistors and circuits with high resolution printing technology. Adv Mater 29:1602736. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602736-58
Gil I, Fernández García R, Tornero JA (2019) Embroidery manufacturing techniques for textile dipole antenna applied to wireless body area network. Text Res J 89:1573–1581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517518770682
Gonçalves C, Ferreira da Silva A, Gomes J, Simoes R (2018) Wearable E-textile technologies: a review on sensors actuators control elements . Inventions 3:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions3010014
Gordeyev S, Ferreira J, Bernardo C, Ward I (2001) A promising conductive material: highly oriented polypropylene filled with short vapour-grown carbon fibres. Mater Lett 51:32–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(01)00260-9
Gordon P, Russel T, Kai Y, Steve B, John T (2014) An investigation into the durability of screen printed conductive tracks on textiles. Meas Sci Technol 25:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/25/2/025006
Groenendaal L, Jonas F, Freitag D, Pielartzik H, Reynolds JR (2000) Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and its derivatives: past, present, and future. Adv Mater 12:481–494
Guo L, Berglin L, Mattila H (2012) Improvement of electro mechanical properties of strain sensors made of elastic conductive hybrid yarns. Text Res J 82:1937–1947. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517512452931
Guo L, Bashir T, Bresky E, Persson NK (2016) Electroconductive textiles and textile based electromechanical sensors integration in as an approach for smart textiles. In: Vladan K (ed) Smart textiles and their applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 657–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100574-3.00028-X
Gurarslan A, Özdemir B, Bayat İH, Yelten MB, Karabulut Kurt G (2019) Silver nanowire coated knitted wool fabrics for wearable electronic applications. J Eng Fibers Fabr 14:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558925019856222
Hamouche H, Makhlouf S, Chaouchi A, Laghrouche M (2018) Humidity sensor based on keratin bio polymer film. Sens Actuators A Phys 282:132–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.09.025
Hasan S, Henry S, Clifford AM, Jacob JA, Jesse SJ (2018) Porous textile antenna designs for improved wearability . Smart Mater Struct 27:045008–045019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aaaf91
He X, Song P, Shen X, Sun Y, Ji Z, Zhou H, Li B (2019) Chitosan-assisted synthesis of wearable textile electrodes for high-performance electrochemical energy storage . Cellulose 26:9349–9359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02727-z
Hena S, Fatihah N, Tabassum S, Lalung J, Jing S (2016) Magnetophoretic harvesting of freshwater microalgae using polypyrrole/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and its reusability. J Appl Phycol 28:1597–1609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0719-x
Hosseni S, Peyrovi A (2005) Preparation of conducting fibres from cellulose and silk by polypyrrole coating. Iran Polym J 14:934–940
Houshyar S, Nayak R, Padhye R, Shanks RA (2019) Fabrication and characterization of nanodiamond coated cotton fabric for improved functionality . Cellulose 26:5797–5806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02479-w
Huang J, Li D, Zhao M, Lv P, Lucia L, Wei Q (2019) Highly stretchable and bio-based sensors for sensitive strain detection of angular displacements . Cellulose 26:3401–3413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02313-3
Ilda K, Carla H, Mey GD, Schwarz A, Guxho G, Langenhove LV (2012) Electrical conductive textiles obtained by screen printing . Fibres Text East Eur 20:57–63
Jain R, Choi YH, Liu Y, Minus ML, Chae HG, Kumar S, Baek J-B (2010) Processing, structure and properties of poly (ether ketone) grafted few wall carbon nanotube composite fibers . Polymer 51:3940–3947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.034
Jayasinghe SN, Townsend NA (2006) Bio-electrosprays: the next generation of electrified jets. Biotechnol J Healthc Nutr Technol 1:1018–1022. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.200600128
Jelil RA (2015) A review of low-temperature plasma treatment of textile materials. J Mate Sci 50:5913–5943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9152-4
Jinno H et al (2017) Stretchable and waterproof elastomer coated organic photovoltaics for washable electronic textile applications. Nat Energy 2:780–785. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-017-0001-3
Kalendová A, Veselý D, Sapurina I, Stejskal J (2008) Anticorrosion efficiency of organic coatings depending on the pigment volume concentration of polyaniline phosphate. Prog Organ Coat 63:228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.06.005
Kaltenbrunner M et al (2013) An ultra lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics. Nature 499:458–465. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12314
Kang W, Kitamura M, Arakawa Y (2013) High performance inkjet printed C60 fullerene thin-film transistors: toward a low-cost and reproducible solution process. Org Electron 14:644–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2012.11.009
Karaguzel B, Merritt C, Kang T, Wilson J, Nagle H, Grant E, Pourdeyhimi B (2009) Flexible, durable printed electrical circuits. J Text Inst 100:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000802390147
Karim MN, Rigout M, Yeates SG, Carr C (2014) Surface chemical analysis of the effect of curing conditions on the properties of thermally-cured pigment printed poly (lactic acid) fabrics. Dyes Pigm 103:168–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2013.12.010
Karim MN, Afroj S, Rigout M, Yeates SG, Carr C (2015) Towards UV-curable inkjet printing of biodegradable poly (lactic acid) fabrics. J Mater Sci 50:4576–4585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9006-0
Karim N et al (2017a) All inkjet-printed graphene based conductive patterns for wearable e-textile applications. J Mater Chem C 5:11640–11648. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc03669h
Karim N, Afroj S, Tan S, He P, Fernando A, Carr C, Novoselov KS (2017b) Scalable production of graphene based wearable e-textiles. ACS Nano 11:12266–12275. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b05921
Karim N, Afroj S, Tan S, Novoselov KS, Yeates SG (2019) All inkjet-printed graphene-silver composite ink on textiles for highly conductive wearable electronics applications. Sci Rep 9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44420-y
Kayser LV, Lipomi DJ (2019) Stretchable conductive polymers and composites based on PEDOT and PEDOT. PSS Adv Mater 31:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806133
Kazani I, Hertleer C, De Mey G, Guxho G, Van Langenhove L (2013) Dry cleaning of electroconductive layers screen printed on flexible substrates. Text Res J 83:1541–1548. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517512449050
Khan S, Doh YH, Choi KH, Khan A, Malik NM, Ali AG (2012) Development of electrostatic inkjet head by integrating metallic and silica capillaries for stable meniscus. Mater Manuf Processes 27:1239–1244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2012.675537
Kim HK et al (2003) Characteristics of electrically conducting polymer-coated textiles. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 405:161–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/15421400390263550
Kim Y, Kim H, Yoo HJ (2010) Electrical characterization of screen printed circuits on the fabric. IEEE Trans Adv Packag 33:196–205. https://doi.org/10.1109/TADVP.2009.2034536
Kim YH, Sachse C, Machala ML, May C, Müller Meskamp L, Leo K (2011) Highly conductive PEDOT:PSS electrode with optimized solvent and thermal post-treatment for ITO‐free organic solar cells. Adv Func Mater 21:1076–1081
Kim GH, Shao L, Zhang K, Pipe KP (2013) Engineered doping of organic semiconductors for enhanced thermoelectric efficiency. Nat Mater 12:719. https://doi.org/10.1038/NMAT3635
Kim N et al (2014) Highly conductive PEDOT:PSS nanofibrils induced by solution-processed crystallization. Adv Mater 26:2268–2272. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304611
Kim SJ, Song W, Yi Y, Min BK, Mondal S, An KS, Choi CG (2018) High durability and waterproofing rGO/SWCNTs fabric based multifunctional sensors for human motion detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:3921–3928. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b15386
Kim K, Jung M, Jeon S, Bae J (2019) Robust and scalable three-dimensional spacer textile pressure sensor for human motion detection. Smart Mater Struct 28:65019–65027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/ab1adf
Kincal D, Kumar A, Child AD, Reynolds JR (1998) Conductivity switching in polypyrrole-coated textile fabrics as gas sensors. Synth Met 92:53–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(98)80022-2
Kolodziejczyk B, Ng CH, Strakosas X, Malliaras GG, Winther-Jensen B (2018) Light sensors and opto logic gates based on organic electrochemical transistors. Mater Horiz 5:93–98. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7mh00818j
Koydemir HC, Ozcan A (2018) Wearable and implantable sensors for biomedical applications. Annu Rev Anal Chem 11:127–146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125956
Krebs FC et al (2009) A complete process for production of flexible large area polymer solar cells entirely using screen printing-first public demonstration. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 93:422–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2008.12.001
Krykpayev B, Farooqui MF, Bilal RM, Vaseem M, Shamim A (2017) A wearable tracking device inkjet printed on textile. Microelectron J 65:40–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2017.05.010
Lekpittaya P, Yanumet N, Grady BP, O’Rear EA (2004) Resistivity of conductive polymer coated fabric. J Appl Polym Sci 92:2629–2636. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20270
Li Z, Wang ZL (2011) Air/liquid pressure and heartbeat driven flexible fiber nanogenerators as a micro/nan power source or diagnostic sensor. Adv Mater 23:84–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201003161
Li H, Zhou Q, Audebert P, Miomandre F, Allain C, Yang F, Tang J (2012) New conducting polymers functionalized with redox active tetrazines. J Electroanal Chem 668:26–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.12.001
Li Z, Dong Y, Li B, Wang P, Chen Z, Bian L (2018) Creation of self-cleaning polyester fabric with TiO2 nanoparticles via a simple exhaustion process: conditions optimization and stain decomposition pathway. Mater Des 140:366–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.12.014
Lima MD et al (2011) Biscrolling nanotube sheets and functional guests into yarns . Science 331:51–55. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1195912
Liu N et al (2013) Cable type supercapacitors of three-dimensional cotton thread based multi‐grade nanostructures for wearable energy storage. Adv Mater 25:4925–4931. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301311
Liu N, Fang G, Wan J, Zhou H, Long H, Zhao X (2011) Electrospun PEDOT:PSS-PVA nanofiber based ultrahigh-strain sensors with controllable electrical conductivity. J Mater Chem 21:18962–18966. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm14491j
Liu Y, Hu J, Zhuang X, Zhang P, Wei Y, Wang X, Chen X (2012) Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable and electroactive hydrogel based on aniline oligomer and gelatin. Macromol Biosci 12:241–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201100227
Liu Y, Hu H, Au WM (2014) Protective properties of warp knitted spacer fabrics under impact in hemispherical form. Part II: effects of structural parameters and lamination. Text Res J 84:312–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517513495942
Liu J, Wang X, Li D, Coates NE, Segalman RA, Cahill DG (2015) Thermal conductivity and elastic constants of PEDOT:PSS with high electrical conductivity. Macromolecules 48:585–591. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma502099t
Liu X, Guo R, Shi Y, Deng L, Li Y (2016) Durable, washable, and flexible conductive PET fabrics designed by fiber interfacial molecular engineering . Macromol Mater Eng 301:1383–1389. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201600234
Liu Y et al (2017) Flexible, wearable, and functional graphene-textile composites. Appl Phys Lett 110:261903–261908. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4990530
Lund A, van der Velden NM, Persson N-K, Hamedi MM, Müller C (2018) Electrically conducting fibres for e-textiles: an open playground for conjugated polymers and carbon nanomaterials. Mater Sci Eng R Rep 126:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2018.03.001
Luo C, Jia J, Gong Y, Wang Z, Fu Q, Pan C (2017) Highly sensitive, durable, and multifunctional sensor inspired by a spider. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:19955–19962. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b02988
Luo N et al (2018) Textile enabled highly reproducible flexible pressure sensors for cardiovascular monitoring. Adv Mater Technol 3:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700222
Mahdieh ZM, Shekarriz S, Taromi FA, Montazer M (2018) Obtention of 74:26 polyester/cellulose fabric blend with super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic properties by air corona discharge treatment their characterization . Carbohydr Polym 198:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.007
Malhotra U, Maity S, Chatterjee A (2015) Polypyrrole silk electro conductive composite fabric by in situ chemical polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 132:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.41336
Manna S, Saha P, Chowdhury S, Thomas S, Sharma V (2017) Alkali treatment to improve physical, mechanical and chemical properties of lignocellulosic natural fibers for use in various applications. Lignocellul Biomass Prod Ind Appl. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119323686.ch3
Mazeiko V, Kausaite Minkstimiene A, Ramanaviciene A, Balevicius Z, Ramanavicius A (2013) Gold nanoparticle and conducting polymer polyaniline based nanocomposites for glucose biosensor design. Sens Actuators B 189:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2013.03.140
Mehmood T, Kaynak A, Mahmood A, Kouzani A (2012) Optimization of polymerization conditions and thermal degradation of conducting polypyrrole coated polyester fabrics. Fibers Polym 13:153–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-012-0153-5
Merilampi S, Ma LT, Ruuskanen P (2009) The characterization of electrically conductive silver ink patterns on flexible substrates. Microelectron Reliab 49:782–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2009.04.004
Metcalf CD et al (2009) Fabric-based strain sensors for measuring movement in wearable telemonitoring applications. In: IET Conference on assisted living 2009, London, UK, pp 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1049/ic.2009.0042
Meyer J, Arnrich B, Schumm J, Troster G (2010) Design and modeling of a textile pressure sensor for sitting posture classification. IEEE Sens J 10:1391–1398. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2009.2037330
Mohilner DM, Adams RN, Argersinger WJ (1962) Investigation of the kinetics and mechanism of the anodic oxidation of aniline in aqueous sulfuric acid solution at a platinum electrode. J Am Chem Soc 84:3618–3622
Moonen PF, Yakimets I, Huskens J (2012) Fabrication of transistors on flexible substrates: from mass printing to high resolution alternative lithography strategies. Adv Mater 24:5526–5541. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202949
Moraes MR et al (2017) Glycerol/PEDOT:PSS coated woven fabric as a flexible heating element on textiles. J Mater Chem C 5:3807–3822. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00486a
Mosnáčková K, Chehimi MM, Fedorko P, Omastová M (2013) Polyamide grafted with polypyrrole: formation, properties, and stability. Chem Pap 67:979–994. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-012-0305-5
Mukhopadhyay A, Midha VK (2008) A review on designing the waterproof breathable fabrics part I: fundamental principles and designing aspects of breathable fabrics. J Ind Text 37:225–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083707082164
Nechyporchuk O, Yu J, Nierstrasz VA, Bordes R (2017) Cellulose nanofibril based coatings of woven cotton fabrics for improved inkjet printing with a potential in e-textile manufacturing. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:4793–4801. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00200
Neethirajan S (2017) Recent advances in wearable sensors for animal health management. Sens Bio Sens Res 12:15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2016.11.004
Nguyen DN, Yoon H (2016) Recent advances in nanostructured conducting polymers: from synthesis to practical applications . Polymers 8:118
Ni GX et al (2012) Graphene-ferroelectric hybrid structure for flexible transparent electrodes. ACS Nano 6:3935–3942. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3010137
Nosonovsky M, Bhushan B (2009) Superhydrophobic surfaces and emerging applications: Non-adhesion, energy, green engineering . Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 14:270–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2009.05.004
Oroumei A, Tavanai H, Morshed M (2012) Electrical resistance and heat generation of polypyrrole-coated polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous and regular fibrous mats. Polym Adv Technol 23:1302–1310. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.2049
Ozlem K, Atalay O, Atalay A, Ince G (2019) Textile based sensing system for lower limb motion monitoring. In: International conference on neuro rehabilitation (ICNR 2018), Cham, Switzerland, 2019. Converging Clinical and Engineering Research on Neurorehabilitation III. Springer, Berlin, pp 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01845-0_79
Park KJ, Gong MS (2017) A water durable resistive humidity sensor based on rigid sulfonated polybenzimidazole and their properties. Sens Actuators B 246:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.02.074
Park S, Jayaraman S (2011) Smart textiles: wearable electronic systems MRS. Bulletin 28:585–591. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2003.170
Park JU et al (2007) High resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Nat Mater 6:782–789. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1974
Park SJ, Kwon OS, Lee JE, Jang J, Yoon H (2014) Conducting polymer based nanohybrid transducers: a potential route to high sensitivity and selectivity sensors. Sensors (Basel) 14:3604–3630. https://doi.org/10.3390/s140203604
Park C, Lee C, Kwon O (2016a) Conducting polymer based nanobiosensors. Polymers 8:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym8070249
Park M et al (2016b) Environment friendly, transparent nanofiber textiles consolidated with high efficiency PLEDs for wearable electronics. Org Electron 36:89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2016.05.030
Park S et al (2017) One step optogenetics with multifunctional flexible polymer fibers. Nat Neurosci 20:612–621. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4510
Peramo A, Urbanchek MG, Spanninga SA, Povlich LK, Cederna P, Martin DC (2008) In situ polymerization of a conductive polymer in acellular muscle tissue constructs. Tissue Eng A 14:423–432. https://doi.org/10.1089/tea.2007.0123
Pernites R, Ponnapati R, Felipe MJ, Advincula R (2011) Electropolymerization molecularly imprinted polymer (E-MIP) SPR sensing of drug molecules: pre-polymerization complexed terthiophene and carbazole electroactive monomers. Biosens Bioelectron 26:2766–2771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.10.02
Petasch W, Kegel B, Schmid H, Lendenmann K, Keller H (1997) Low pressure plasma cleaning: a process for precision cleaning applications. Surf Coat Technol 97:176–181
Post ER, Orth M, Russo PR, Gershenfeld N (2000) E-broidery: design and fabrication of textile based computing. IBM Syst J 39:840–860
Rajan K, Roppolo I, Chiappone A, Bocchini S, Perrone D, Chiolerio A (2016) Silver nanoparticle ink technology: state of the art Nanotechnology. Sci Appl 9:1–13. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S68080
Ramanavičius A, Ramanavičienė A, Malinauskas A (2006) Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer-polypyrrole. Electrochim Acta 51:6025–6037
Ramanavicius A et al (2012) Conducting and electrochemically generated polymers in sensor design (mini review). Proc Eng 47:825–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.274
Rebeccah PF (2018) Electronics and fabrics: the development of garment based wearables. Adv Mater Technol 3:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700307
Romyen N, Thongyai S, Praserthdam P, Sotzing GA (2013) Enhancement of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) properties by poly(vinyl alcohol) and doping agent as conductive nano-thin film for electronic application. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 24:2897–2905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-013-1188-0
Ryan JD, Mengistie DA, Gabrielsson R, Lund A, Müller C (2017) Machine washable PEDOT:PSS dyed silk yarns for electronic textiles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 9:9045–9050. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00530
Sadi MS, Pan J, Xu A, Cheng D, Cai G, Wang X (2019a) Direct dip-coating of carbon nanotubes onto polydopamine-templated cotton fabrics for wearable applications . Cellulose 26:7569–7579. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02628-1
Sadi MS, Yang M, Luo L, Cheng D, Cai G, Wang X (2019b) Direct screen printing of single-faced conductive cotton fabrics for strain sensing electrical heating color changing . Cellulose 26:6179–6188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02526-6
Sahito IA, Sun KC, Arbab AA, Qadir MB, Jeong SH (2015) Graphene coated cotton fabric as textile structured counter electrode for DSSC . Electrochimica Acta 173:164–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.05.035
Salem T, Simon F, El-Sayed AA, Salama M (2017) Plasma assisted surface modification of polyester fabric for developing halochromic properties. Fibers Polym 18:731–740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-017-6858-8
Samad YA, Li Y, Schiffer A, Alhassan SM, Liao K (2015) Graphene foam developed with a novel two step technique for low and high strains and pressure sensing applications . Mater Views 11:2380–2385. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201403532
Sapurina IY, Kompan M, Malyshkin V, Rosanov V, Stejskal J (2009) Properties of proton conducting Nafion type membranes with nanometer thick polyaniline surface layers. Russ J Electrochem 45:697–706. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1023193509060123
Saxena R, Sharma K, Saxena N, Sharma T (2009) Effect of annealing on structural and optical properties of polypyrrole doped with different acids. Polym Compos 30:820–826
Schwarz PA, Obermann M, Weber M, Ehrmann A (2016) Smarten up garments through knitting. In: 48th Conference of the international federation of knitting technologists (IFKT), 8–11 June 2016, Moenchengladbach, Germany, 2016. vol 1. IOP Publishing, pp 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/141/1/012008
Schäl P, Juhász Junger I, Grimmelsmann N, Ehrmann A (2018a) Development of graphite based conductive textile coatings. J Coat Technol Res 15:875–883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-017-0024-5
Schäl P, Junger IJ, Grimmelsmann N, Meissner H, Ehrmann A (2018b) Washing and abrasion resistance of conductive coatings for vital sensors. In: Kyosev Y (ed) Narrow and smart textiles, vol PART III. Springer, Germany, pp 241–250
Scidà A et al (2018) Application of graphene based flexible antennas in consumer electronic devices. Mater Today 21:223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2018.01.007
Seyedin S, Razal JM, Innis PC, Jeiranikhameneh A, Beirne S, Wallace GG (2015) Knitted strain sensor textiles of highly conductive all polymeric fibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:21150–21158. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04892
Seyedin S, Razal JM, Innis PC, Wallace GG (2016) A facile approach to spinning multifunctional conductive elastomer fibres with nanocarbon fillers. Smart Mater Struct 25:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/3/035015
Shateri KM, Yazdanshenas ME (2013) Preparation of superhydrophobic electroconductive graphene-coated cotton cellulose. Cellulose 20:963–972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-9873-y
Shi C, Shan X, Tarapata G, Jachowicz R, Weremczuk J, Hui H (2011) Fabrication of wireless sensors on flexible film using screen printing and via filling. Microsyst Technol 17:661–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-010-1161-2
Shi Q, Sun J, Hou C, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang H (2019) Advanced functional fiber and smart textile. Adv Fiber Mater 1:3–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-019-0002-z
Shishkanova T, Sapurina I, Stejskal J, Král V, Volf R (2005) Ion-selective electrodes: polyaniline modification and anion recognition. Anal Chim Acta 553:160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.018
Siden J, Nilsson HE (2007) Line width limitations of flexographic-screen-and inkjet printed RFID antennas. In: Antennas and propagation society international symposium, Honolulu, USA. IEEE, pp 1745–1748. https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.2007.4395852
Silva M, Catarino AP, Carvalho H, Rocha A, Monteiro JL, Montagna G (2009) Textile sensors for ECG and respiratory frequency on swimsuits intelligent textiles and mass customisation international conference (ITMC 2009), Casablanca, Morocco, pp 301–310
Simorangkir RB, Yang Y, Esselle KP, Zeb BA (2018) A method to realize robust flexible electronically tunable antennas using polymer embedded conductive fabric. IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 66:50–58. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2772036
Singh M, Haverinen HM, Dhagat P, Jabbour GE (2010) Inkjet printing: process and its applications. Adv Mater 22:673–685. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200901141
Singha K (2012) A review on coating and lamination in textiles: processes and applications. Am J Polym Sci 2:39–49. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20120203.04
Smaal W et al (2012) Complementary integrated circuits on plastic foil using inkjet printed n and p-type organic semiconductors: fabrication, characterization, and circuit analysis. Org Electron 13:1686–1692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2012.05.022
Smita DC, Patil AJ (2014) Development of conductive cotton fabric by in situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole using ammonium peroxidisulphate as oxidant. Indian J Fibre Text Res 39:135–138
Snook GA, Kao P, Best AS (2011) Conducting-polymer based supercapacitor devices and electrodes. J Power Sourc 196:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.06.084
Soroudi A, Skrifvars M (2010) Melt blending of carbon nanotubes/polyaniline/polypropylene compounds and their melt spinning to conductive fibres. Synth Met 160:1143–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.02.038
Soukup R, Hamáček A, Řeboun J (2012) Organic based sensors: novel screen printing technique for sensing layers deposition. In: 35th international spring seminar on electronics technology (ISSE), Bad Aussee, Austria. IEEE, pp 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSE.2012.6273101
Souri H, Bhattacharyya D (2018) Highly stretchable multifunctional wearable devices based on conductive cotton and wool fabrics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:20845–20853. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b04775
Souri H, Bhattacharyya D (2019) Highly stretchable and wearable strain sensors using conductive wool yarns with controllable sensitivity. Sens Actuators A Phys 285:142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.11.008
Stempien Z, Rybicki T, Rybicki E, Kozanecki M, Szynkowska MI (2015) In-situ deposition of polyaniline and polypyrrole electroconductive layers on textile surfaces by the reactive inkjet printing technique. Synth Met 202:49–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2015.01.027
Stephanie MM (2016) Screen printed military textiles for wearable energy storage. J Eng Fibers Fabr 11:1–8
Stragliotto MF, Strumia MC, Gomez CG, Romero MR (2018) Optimization of an UV induced graft polymerization of acrylic acid on polypropylene films using cdS as a light sensor. Ind Eng Chem Res 57:1188–1196. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04526
Strååt M, Toll S, Boldizar A, Rigdahl M, Hagström B (2011) Melt spinning of conducting polymeric composites containing carbonaceous fillers. J Appl Polym Sci 119:3264–3272. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32882
Stumpf TR, Yang X, Zhang J, Cao X (2016) In situ and ex situ modifications of bacterial cellulose for applications in tissue engineering . Mater Sci Eng C 82:372–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.11.121
Su N, Li H, Yuan S, Yi S, Yin E (2012) Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole doped with anionic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes. Exp Polym Lett 6:697–705. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2012.75
Subramanian A, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S (2012) Axially aligned electrically conducting biodegradable nanofibers for neural regeneration. J Mater Sci Mater Med 23:1797–1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-012-4654-y
Sundriyal P, Bhattacharya S (2018) Inkjet printed sensors on flexible substrates. In: Bhattacharya S, Agarwal AK, Chanda N, Pandey A, Sen AK (eds) Environmental, chemical and medical sensors, Chapter 5. Springer, Singapore, pp 89–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7751-7_5
Sánchez-Silva L, Gutiérrez N, Sánchez P, Romero A, Valverde JL (2012) Smart microcapsules containing nonpolar chemical compounds and carbon nanofibers. Chem Eng J 181–182:813–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.12.004
Søndergaard RR, Hösel M, Krebs FC (2013) Roll to roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 51:16–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23192
Tamura T (2018) Wearable units. In: Tamura T, Chen W (eds) Seamless healthcare monitoring. Springer, Berlin, pp 211–249
Tchafa FM, Huang H (2018) Microstrip patch antenna for simultaneous strain and temperature sensing. Smart Mater Struct 27:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aabd47
Tobjörk D, Österbacka R (2011) Paper electronics . Adv Mater 23:1935–1961. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201004692
Tokonami S, Saimatsu K, Nakadoi Y, Furuta M, Shiigi H, Nagaoka T (2012) Vertical immobilization of viable bacilliform bacteria into polypyrrole films. Anal Sci 28:319–319
Torah R, Wei Y, Li Y, Yang K, Beeby S, Tudor J (2015) Printed textile based electronic devices. In: Tao X (ed) Handbook of smart textiles. Springer, Singapore, pp 653–687. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-45-1_35
Trad M, Miled W, Benltoufa S, Boughattas A, Benslama R, Fayala F, Bakhrouf A (2018) Chitosan hydrogel coated cotton fabric: antibacterial, pH responsiveness, and physical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 135:46645–46654. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.46645
Tunáková V, Grégr J, Tunák M, Dohnal G (2018) Functional polyester fabric/polypyrrole polymer composites for electromagnetic shielding: optimization of process parameters. J Ind Text 47:686–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/1528083716667260
Varesano A et al (2016) A systematic study on the effects of doping agents on polypyrrole coating of fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci 133:42831–42840. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42831
Varesano A, Antognozzi B, Tonin C (2010) Electrically conducting adhesive coating on polyamide fabrics. Synth Met 160:1683–1687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2010.05.041
Varesano A, Rombaldoni F, Tonetti C (2013) Electrically conductive and hydrophobic cotton fabrics by polypyrrole oleic acid coating. Fibers Polym 14:703–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-013-0703-5
Varesano A, Tonin C (2008) Improving electrical performances of wool textiles: synthesis of conducting polypyrrole on the fiber surface. Text Res J 78:1110–1115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517507077488
Varesano A, Vineis C, Tonetti C, Mazzuchetti G, Bobba V (2015) Antibacterial property on gram positive bacteria of polypyrrole-coated fabrics. J Appl Polym Sci 132:41670–41675. https://doi.org/10.1002/APP.41670
Virkki J, Björninen T, Merilampi S, Sydänheimo L, Ukkonen L (2015) The effects of recurrent stretching on the performance of electro textile and screen printed ultra high frequency radio frequency identification tags. Text Res J 85:294–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517514545261
Wan Y, Lou J, Xu J, Zhang X, Yu H (2013) Experimental study of surface roughness effects on wettability. In: 2013 International conference on manipulation, manufacturing and measurement on the nanoscale (3M-NANO), Suzhou, China. IEEE, pp 97–100
Wang L et al (2016) Facile, green and clean one step synthesis of carbon dots from wool: application as a sensor for glyphosate detection based on the inner filter effect. Talanta 160:268–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2016.07.020
Wang Y, Hao J, Huang Z, Zheng G, Dai K, Liu C, Shen C (2018) Flexible electrically resistive-type strain sensors based on reduced graphene oxide-decorated electrospun polymer fibrous mats for human motion monitoring . Carbon 126:360–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.10.034
Wessling B (2010) New insight into organic metal polyaniline morphology and structure. Polymers 2:786–798. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym2040786
Willium GW, Li Y, Torah R, Yang K, Beeby S, Tudor J (2014) Inkjet printed microstrip patch antennas realized on textile for wearable applications. IEEE Antennas Wirel Propag Lett 13:71–74. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2013.2295942
Wu X, Han Y, Zhang X, Lu C (2016) Highly sensitive, stretchable, and wash durable strain sensor based on ultrathin conductive layer@polyurethane yarn for tiny motion monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:9936–9945. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b01174
Xiang C, Lu W, Zhu Y, Sun Z, Yan Z, Hwang CC, Tour JM (2011) Carbon nanotube and graphene nanoribbon-coated conductive kevlar fibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:131–136. https://doi.org/10.1021/am201153b
Xu J et al (2015) Fabric electrodes coated with polypyrrole nanorods for flexible supercapacitor application prepared via a reactive self degraded template. Org Electron 26:292–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2015.07.054
Xu Q, Ke X, Shen L, Ge N, Zhang Y, Fu F, Liu X (2018) Surface modification by carboxymethy chitosan via pad-dry cure method for binding Ag NPs onto cotton fabric International. J Biol Macromol 111:796–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.091
Yan T, Wang Z, Pan Z-J (2018a) A highly sensitive strain sensor based on a carbonized polyacrylonitrile nanofiber woven fabric. J Mater Sci 53:11917–11931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2432-z
Yan T, Wang Z, Wang Y-Q, Pan Z-J (2018b) Carbon/graphene composite nanofiber yarns for highly sensitive strain sensors. Mater Des 143:214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.02.006
Yang YL, Chuang MC, Lou SL, Wang J (2010) Thick-film textile-based amperometric sensors and biosensors. Analyst 135:1230–1234. https://doi.org/10.1039/b926339j
Yang K, Torah R, Wei Y, Beeby S, Tudor J (2013) Waterproof and durable screen printed silver conductive tracks on textiles. Text Res J 83:2023–2031. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517513490063
Yang T, Xie D, Li Z, Zhu H (2017) Recent advances in wearable tactile sensors: materials, sensing mechanisms, and device performance. Mater Sci Eng R 115:1–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2017.02.001
Yang M et al (2018) Conductive cotton fabrics for motion sensing and heating applications. Polymers 10:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10060568
Yi N, Abidian MR (2016) Conducting polymers and their biomedical applications. In: Poole-Warren Laura, Martens Penny, Green Rylie (eds) Biosynthetic polymers for medical applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 243–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78242-105-4.00010-9
Yildiz Z, Usta I, Gungor A (2012) Electrical properties and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of polyester yarns with polypyrrole deposition. Text Res J 82:2137–2148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517512449046
Yin F, Ye D, Zhu C, Qiu L, Huang Y (2017) Stretchable, highly durable ternary nanocomposite strain sensor for structural health monitoring of flexible aircraft . Sensors 17:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112677
Yu L, Yeo JC, Soon RH, Yeo T, Lee HH, Lim CT (2018) Highly stretchable, weavable and washable piezoresistive microfiber sensor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:12773–12780. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b19823
Yuan J, Han D, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Niu L (2007) Electrostatic assembly of polyaniline and platinum poly (amidoamine) dendrimers hybrid nanocomposite multilayer, and its electrocatalysis towards CO and O2. J Electroanal Chem 599:127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.09.025
Yun YJ, Hong WG, Kim WJ, Jun Y, Kim BH (2013) A novel method for applying reduced graphene oxide directly to electronic textiles from yarns to fabrics. Adv Mater 25:5701–5705. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201303225
Yun YJ, Hong WG, Kim HJ, Jun Y, Lee HK (2017) E-textile gas sensors composed of molybdenum disulfide and reduced graphene oxide for high response and reliability. Sens Actuators B 248:829–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.12.028
Zan HW, Li CH, Yu CK, Meng HF (2012) Sensitive gas sensor embedded in a vertical polymer space charge limited transistor. Appl Phys Lett 101:023301–023305. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4734498
Zeagler C, Gilliland S, Audy S, Starner T (2013) Can i wash it? The effect of washing conductive materials used in making textile based wearable electronic interfaces. In: Proceedings of the 2013 international symposium on wearable computers, Zurich, Switzerland, ACM, pp 143–144. https://doi.org/10.1145/2493988.2494344
Zhang Y, Cui Y (2019) Development of flexible and wearable temperature sensors based on PEDOT:PSS. IEEE Trans Electron Dev 66:3129–3133. https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2019.2914301
Zhang D, Gan Y (2013) Effects of plasma treatment on evolution of surface step terrace structure of critically cleaned c-plane sapphire substrates: an AFM study. Appl Surf Sci 285:211–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.08.038
Zhang J, Xu L, Wong WY (2017) Energy materials based on metal schiff base complexes. Coord Chem Rev 355:180–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2017.08.007
Zhang C, Zhou G, Rao W, Fan L, Xu W, Xu J (2018a) A simple method of fabricating nickel-coated cotton fabrics for wearable strain sensor . Cellulose 25:4859–4870. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1893-1
Zhang Y, Fan X, Wang Q (2018b) Polypyrrole coated conductive cotton prepared by laccase. J Nat Fibers 15:21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2017.1302387
Zhang Y, Lin Z, Huang X, You X, Ye J, Wu H (2020) A large-area, stretchable, textile based tactile sensor. Adv Mater Technol 5:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201901060
Zhong X, Hu H, Fu H (2018) Self cleaning, chemically stable, reshapeable, highly conductive nanocomposites for electrical circuits and flexible electronic devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:25697–25705. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b07575
Zhou C, Li Y, Jin X, He Y, Xiao C, Wang W (2018) Highly hydrophobic conductive polyester fabric based on homogeneous coating surface treatment. Polym Plast Technol Eng 57:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2018.1466178
Zhu L et al (2014) Conductive cotton fabrics for heat generation prepared by mist polymerization. Fibers Polym 15:1804–1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-1804-5
Zhuang Z, Li Y, Qi D, Zhao C, Na H (2017) Novel polymeric humidity sensors based on sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) s: influence of sulfonation degree on sensing properties. Sens Actuators B 242:801–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.179
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge for the financial support from Home Science Alumnae/Todhunter/Carpenter Scholarship, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Islam, G.M.N., Ali, A. & Collie, S. Textile sensors for wearable applications: a comprehensive review. Cellulose 27, 6103–6131 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03215-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03215-5