Abstract
The effects of Glomus intraradices, Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Bacillus pumilus on the root-rot disease complex caused by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the root-rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina in chickpea was assessed by quantifying differences in the shoot dry mass, pod number, nodulation, and shoot content of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Inoculation of plants with G. intraradices, P. alcaligenes and B. pumilus alone and in combination significantly increased shoot dry mass, pod number, and content of chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plants inoculated with pathogens over that in the uninoculated control plants. P. alcaligenes caused a greater increase in shoot dry mass, pod number, chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plants with pathogens than did G. intraradices or B. pumilus. Combined application of G. intraradices, P. alcaligenes and B. pumilus to plants inoculated with pathogens caused a greater increase in shoot dry mass, pod number, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium than did an application of P. alcaligenes plus B. pumilus or of G. intraradices plus B. pumilus. Root colonization by G. intrardices was high when used alone, while inoculation with the pathogens reduced root colonization by G. intraradices. In the presence of P. alcaligenes and B. pumilus, root colonization by G. intraradices increased. In plants inoculated with just one antagonist, P. alcaligenes reduced galling and nematode multiplication the most, followed by G. intraradices, then B. pumilus. The greatest reduction in galling, nematode multiplication and root-rot was observed when both bacterial species and G. intraradices were applied together.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akkopru A, Demir S (2005) Biological control of Fusarium wilt in tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by AMF Glomus intraradices and some rhizobacteria. J Phytopathol 153:544–550
Allen MF (1996) The ecology of arbuscular mycorrhizas: a look back into 20th century and a peak into the 21st century. Mycol Res 100:769–782
Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24:1–15
Azcon-Aguilar C, Barea JM (1996) Arbuscular mycorrhizas and biological control of soil borne plant pathogens—an overview of the mechanisms involved. Mycorrhiza 6:457–464
Bagyaraj DJ, Manjunath A, Reddy DDR (1979) Interaction of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza with root knot nematodes in tomato. Plant Soil 51:397–403
Barea JM, Andrade G, Bianciotto V, Dowling D, Lohrke S, Bonfante P, O’Gara F, Azcón-Aguilar C (1998) Impact on arbuscular mycorrhiza formation of Pseudomonas strains used as inoculants for the biocontrol of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2304–2307
Barea JM, Azcon R, Azcon-Aguilar C (2002) Mycorrhizosphere interactions to improve plant fitness and soil quality. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 81:343–351
Benhamou N, Kloepper JW, Quadt-Hallman A, Tuzun S (1996) Induction of defence-related ultrastructural modifications in pea root tissues inoculated with endophytic bacteria. Plant Physiol 112:919–929
Bodker L, Kjoller R, Rosendahl S (1998) Effect of phosphate and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices on disease severity of root rot of peas (Pisum sativum) caused by Aphanomyces euteiches. Mycorrhiza 8:169–174
Broadbent P, Baker KF, Franks N, Holland J (1977) Effect of Bacillus spp. on increased growth of seedlings in steamed and in non treated soil. Phytopathology 67:1027–1034
Budi SW, van Tuinen D, Martinotti G, Gianinazzi S (1999) Isolation from the Sorghum bicolor mycorrhizosphere of a bacterium compatible with arbuscular mycorrhiza development and antagonistic towards soilborne fungal pathogens. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:5148–5150
De Freitas JR, Banerjee MR, Germida JJ (1997) Phosphate-solubilizing rhizobacteria enhance the growth and yield but not phosphorus uptake of canola (Brassica napus L). Biol Fert Soils 24:358–364
Dehne HW (1982) Interaction between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant pathogens. Phytopathology 72:1115–1119
Demir S, Akkopru A (2007) Use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for biocontrol of soilborne fungal plant pathogens. In: Chincholkar SB, Mukerji KG (eds) Biological control of plant diseases. Howarth, New York, pp 17–37
Dospekhov BA (1984) Field experimentation. Statistical procedures. Mir Publishers, Moscow
Fiske CH, Subbarow Y (1925) The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J Biol Chem 66:375–400
Gamliel A, Katan J (1993) Suppression of major and minor pathogens by fluorescent pseudomonads in solarized and nonsolarized soil. Phytopathology 83:68–75
Giovannetti M, Mosse B (1980) An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol 84:489–500
Ibijbijen J, Urquiaga S, Ismaili M, Alves BJR, Boddey RM (1996) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizas on uptake of nitrogen by Brachiaria arrecta and Sorghum vulgare from soil labelled for several years with 15N. New Phytol 133:487–494
Jetiyanon K, Tuzun S, Kloepper JW (1997) Lignification, peroxidase and superoxide dismutases as early plant defense reactions associated with PGPR-mediated induced systemic resistance. In: Ogoshi A, Kobayashi K, Homma Y, Kodama F, Kondo N, Akino S (eds) Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria—present status and future prospects. Nakanishi printing, Sapporo, pp 265–268
Kokalis-Burelle N, Varvina CS, Rosskopf EN, Shelby RA (2002) Field evaluation of plant growth-promoting rhizbacteria amended transplant mixes and soil solarization for tomato and pepper production in Florida. Plant Soil 238:257–266
Linderman RG (1994) Role of VAM fungi in biocontrol. In: Pfleger FL, Linderman RG (eds) Mycorrhizae and plant health. APS, St. Paul Minnesota, pp 1–26
Linderman RG (2000) Effects of mycorrhizas on plant tolerance to disease. In: Kapulnik Y, Douds DDJ (eds) Arbuscular mycorrhizas: physiology and function. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 345–367
Lindner RC (1944) Rapid analytical methods for some of the more common inorganic constituents of plant tisseus. Plant Physiol 19:76–89
Meyer JR, Linderman RG (1986) Selective influence on populations of rhizosphere or rhizoplane bacteria and actinomycetes by mycorrhizas formed by Glomus fasciculatum. Soil Biol Biochem 18:191–196
Nelson LM (2004) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): prospects for new inoculants. [Online] Crop management doi:101094/CM-2004-0301-05-RV
Oostendrop M, Sikora RA (1989) Utilization of antagonistic rhizobacteria as seed treatment for the biological control of Heterodera schachtii in sugarbeet. Rev Nematol 12:77–83
Ozgonen H, Bicici M, Erkilic A (1999) The effect of salicylic acid and endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum on plant development of tomato and Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Turkish J Agric Forest 25:25–29
Porter WM (1979) The “most probable number” method for enumerating infective propagules of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil. Austr J Soil Res 17:515–519
Raupach GS, Kloepper JW (1998) Mixtures of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance biological control of multiple cucumber pathogens. Phytopathol 88:1158–1164
Reddy PP (1974) Studies on the action of amino acids on the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences Banglore, India
Riker AJ, Riker RS (1936) Introduction to research on plant diseases. John’s Switft, New York
Siddiqui ZA (2006) PGPR: prospective biocontrol agents of plant pathogens. In: Siddiqui ZA (ed) PGPR: biocontrol and biofertilization, Springer, Dordrecht, pp 111–142
Siddiqui ZA, Husain SI (1991) Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita race 3 and Macrophomina phaseolina in a root-rot disease complex of chickpea. Nematol medit 19:237–239
Siddiqui ZA, Husain SI (1992) Interaction between Meloidogyne incognita race 3, Macrophomina phaseolina and Brandyrhizobium sp. in the root-rot disease complex of chickpea, Cicer arietinum. Fundam Appl Nematol 15:491–494
Siddiqui ZA, Iqbal A, Mahmood I (2001) Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens and fertilizers on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato. Appl Soil Ecol 16:179–185
Siddiqui ZA, Mahmood I (1995) Biological control of Heterodera cajani and Fusarium udum by Bacillus subtilis, Brandyrhizobium japonicum and Glomus fasciculatum on pigeon pea. Fundam Appl Nematol 18:559–566
Siddiqui ZA, Mahmood I (1999) Role of bacteria in the management of plant parasitic nematodes: a review. Bioresource Technol 69:167–179
Smith SE, Read DJ (1997) Mycorrhizal symbiosis, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London
Southey JF (1986) Laboratory method for work with plant and soil nematodes. Ministry of agriculture, fisheries & food, her majesty’s stationary office, London
Suresh CK (1980) Interaction between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal and root-knot nematode in tomato. M.Sc. (agric) Thesis, university of agricultural sciences Banglore, India
Wei G, Kloepper JW, Tuzun S (1996) Induced systemic resistance to cucumber diseases and increased plant growth by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under field conditions. Phytopathology 86:221–224
Weller DM (1988) Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens in the rhizosphere with bacteria. Ann Rev Phytopathol 26:379–407
Wilson M, Backman PA (1999) Biological control of plant pathogens. In: Ruberson JR (ed) Handbook of pest management. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 309–335
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to U.G.C., New Delhi, India the financial assistance through Project No. 3-44/2003 (SR).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akhtar, M.S., Siddiqui, Z.A. Glomus intraradices, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and Bacillus pumilus: effective agents for the control of root-rot disease complex of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). J Gen Plant Pathol 74, 53–60 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-007-0062-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-007-0062-4