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An admixture of Quercus dentata in the coastal ecotype of Q. mongolica var. crispula in northern Hokkaido and genetic and environmental effects on their traits

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Abstract

In northern Japan, coastal oak forests consist of Quercus dentata (Qd) on the coastal side and Q. mongolica var. crispula (Qc) on the inland side. In the forests of northern Hokkaido, Qd is rare, and a coastal ecotype of Qc with some Qd-like traits grows on the coastal side. To reveal the genetic background of this ecotype, nuclear microsatellite genotypes in closely related oak taxa were obtained from the Eurasian continent, Sakhalin, and Hokkaido. The clustering of these genotypes suggests an admixture of Qd in the coastal ecotype of Qc. Next, we evaluated the effects of admixture and coastal stress on the leaf and shoot traits of Qc and Qd along coastal–inland gradients in northern Hokkaido. The admixture of Qd in Qc was quantified by the Qd ancestry proportions. Coastal stress causes bud mortality in the upper parts of shoots and was quantified by the survival patterns of buds in shoots. The genetic and environmental effects on the traits at Qd-abundant and Qd-rare sites were estimated using linear mixed models. The genetic effect was detected in all traits. Both genetic and environmental effects were detected in most traits. Some traits differed between Qd-abundant and Qd-rare sites in addition to these effects, indicating more Qd-like traits at Qd-rare sites. The findings suggest that an admixture of Qd characterizes the genetic background of the coastal ecotype of Qc and that not only the coastal stress but also the genetic background is responsible for the leaf and shoot traits of Qc and Qd in northern Hokkaido.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the towns of Obira and Omu, as well as the Hokkaido Regional Forest Offices and the Soya and Kitami District Forest Offices, for their permission to collect samples; Ko Harada and Keiko Kitamura for providing DNA samples; Akiko Takazawa for her assistance in the laboratory work; Hiroki Itoh for his advice regarding statistical analyses; and Oliver Gailing, Ichiro Tamaki, and Kentaro Uchiyama for their suggestions for improving the manuscript. This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17K07859 to TN and Research Grant Number 201610 of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute to AN.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forest Research and Management Organization, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Center, Sapporo, 062-8516, Japan

    Teruyoshi Nagamitsu & Atsushi Nakanishi

  2. Hokkaido Research Organization, Forestry Research Institute, Greenery Research and Information Center, Bibai, 079-0198, Japan

    Hajime Shimizu

  3. Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8505, Japan

    Mineaki Aizawa

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  1. Teruyoshi Nagamitsu
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  2. Hajime Shimizu
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  4. Atsushi Nakanishi
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Correspondence to Teruyoshi Nagamitsu.

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Nagamitsu, T., Shimizu, H., Aizawa, M. et al. An admixture of Quercus dentata in the coastal ecotype of Q. mongolica var. crispula in northern Hokkaido and genetic and environmental effects on their traits. J Plant Res 132, 211–222 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-018-01079-2

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