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Molecular basis of skeletal muscle plasticity-from gene to form and function

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Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology

Part of the book series: Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology ((REVIEWS,volume 146))

Abstract

Skeletal muscle shows an enormous plasticity to adapt to stimuli such as contractile activity (endurance exercise, electrical stimulation, denervation), loading conditions (resistance training, microgravity), substrate supply (nutritional interventions) or environmental factors (hypoxia). The presented data show that adaptive structural events occur in both muscle fibres (myofibrils, mitochondria) and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries). Functional adaptations appear to involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms (neuronal, endocrine and intracellular signalling), contractile properties and metabolic capacities. With the appropriate molecular techniques it has been demonstrated over the past 10 years that rapid changes in skeletal muscle mRNA expression occur with exercise in human and rodent species. Recently, gene expression profiling analysis has demonstrated that transcriptional adaptations in skeletal muscle due to changes in loading involve a broad range of genes and that mRNA changes often run parallel for genes in the same functional categories. These changes can be matched to the structural/functional adaptations known to occur with corresponding stimuli. Several signalling pathways involving cytoplasmic protein kinases and nuclear-encoded transcription factors are recognized as potential master regulators that transduce physiological stress into transcriptional adaptations of batteries of metabolic and contractile genes. Nuclear reprogramming is recognized as an important event in muscle plasticity and may be related to the adaptations in the myosin type, protein turnover, and the cytoplasma-to-myonucleus ratio. The accessibility of muscle tissue to biopsies in conjunction with the advent of high-throughput gene expression analysis technology points to skeletal muscle plasticity as a particularly useful paradigm for studying gene regulatory phenomena in humans.

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Abbreviations

CLFS:

Chronic low-frequency electric stimulation

CR:

Caloric restriction

DE:

Detraining

DV:

Denervation

EE:

Endurance exercise

ER:

Endurance runners

I:

Immobilization

IN:

Inactivity

MG:

Real or simulated microgravity

RT:

Resistance training

WL:

Weightlifters

βOX:

β-Oxidation

DEL:

Deltoidus

EC coupling:

Excitation-contraction coupling

EDL:

Extensor digitorum longus

Gls:

Glycolysis

H+:

Reducing equivalents

IMF mitochondria:

Interfibrillar mitochondria

IMCL:

Intra-myocellular lipid

KC:

Krebs cycle

M:

Muscle

NMJ:

Neuromuscular junction

SR:

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

S mitochondria:

Subsarcolemmal mitochondria

Tn:

Troponin

VL:

Vastus lateralis

VO2max:

Maximal oxygen consumptioin

ACTH:

Corticotropin

AMPK:

5’-AMO-activated protein kinase

ATP:

Adempsome 5’-triphosphate

Ca2+:

Intracellular calcium

CaMKII:

Ca2+/CaM kinase II

Cor:

Cortisol

EN:

Epinephrine

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

GH:

Growth hormone

IGFBP-3:

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3

IGF-I:

Insulin-like growth factor I

JNK:

c-jun N-terminal kinase

c-jun:

cellular counterpart of retroviral insert from avian sarcoma virus 17

Ins:

Insulin

lep:

Leptin

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated (microtubule-associated) protein kinase

NRF-1 and 2:

Nuclear respiratory factor 1 and 2

p38:

p38 MAPK

RE:

Renin

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

T3:

Triiodothyronine

T4:

Tetraiodothyronine

Tes:

Testosterone

TFAM:

Mitochondiral transcription factor

TSH:

Thyroid stimulating hormone

3’UTR:

3’ Untranslated region

5’UTR:

5’ Untranslated region

ACAA2:

3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase

ACC:

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

AIF1:

Allograft inflammatory factor 1

AOX1:

Aldehyde oxidase

ATP5A:

ATP synthase alpha chain

ATP5C:

ATP synthase gamma chain

ATP5G3:

ATP synthase lipid-binding protein

ATP5J:

ATP synthase coupling factor 6

ATPB:

ATP synthase beta chain

Cat H:

Cathepsin H

CDC16Hs:

Cell division cycle 16

c-fos:

c-fos Proto-oncogene

c-jun:

c-jun Protooncogene

CK:

Creatine kinase

Col:

Collagen type

CPT I and II:

Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferases I and II

COX:

Cytochrome C oxidase subunits

CSF-1:

Colony stimulating factor

CXCL5:

Small inducible cytokine B5

CYP2A6:

Cytochrome P450 2A6

CYP2B6:

Cytochrome P450 2B6

CYP2C8:

Cytochrome P450 2C8

CYPdb1:

Cytochrome P450 db1

DDO:

d-aspartate oxidase

DIA1:

NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DP5:

Neuronal death protein

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

ERF:

Ets2 repressor factor

FAP:

Fibroblast activation protein

FAT/CD36:

Fatty acid translocase

FBP2:

d-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase

FN:

Fibronectin

Fum:

Fumarase

gamma 1:

Interferon gamma treatment inducible mRNA

glut-1:

Glucose transporter 1

HIAP1:

Inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1

HIF-1α:

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha

HPARG:

Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase

HPXEL:

Peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase-like protein

HSC:

Heat shock cognate

HSP:

Heat shock protein

HSP27 and 70:

Heat shock protein 27 and 70

HSP2:

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2

IL-1, -12 and -18:

Interleukin 1, 12 and 18

IMPDH1:

Inosine-5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1

LDH:

lactate dehydrogenase

LIF:

Leukaemia inhibitory factor precursor

LN:

Laminin

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

LRP1:

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1

LTC4S:

Human leucotriene C4 synthase

Mac-2:

Macrophage subpopulation-specific antigen 2

MARK3:

MAP/microtubule affinityregulating kinase 3 long

MAT1:

CDK-activating kinase assembly factor

MCAD:

Medium chain-specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

MCT1, 2 and 4:

Monocarboxylate transporters 1, 2 and 4

MHC:

Myosin heavy chain

MHC10:

Nonmuscle type B myosin heavy chain (MYH10)

MHC9:

Nonmuscle type A myosin heavy chain (MYH9)

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

MSH3:

DNA mismatch repair protein

MT1B:

Metallothionein-IB

MT1F:

Metallothionein I F

MEF2:

Myocyte enhancer factor 2

myoD:

Myoblast determination protein

MRF4:

Muscle regulatory factor 4

myf 5 and 6:

Myogenic factors 5 and 6

nAChR:

Nicotinic acetyl choline receptor

NADH6:

Mitochondrially-encoded NADH dehydrogenase subunit

NF-kappa B:

Nuclear factor kappa B

NCAM1:

Neural cell adhesion molecule 1

NDUFV1:

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 51 kDa subunit

NDUFV2:

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 24 kDa subunit complex core protein 2

NF-kB p65:

Nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit

NF-Y:

Nuclear factor Y protein subunit A

NNT:

Mitochondrial NAD(P) transhydrogenase

NRG-1:

Neuregulin

ORP150:

150 kDa Oxygen-regulated protein

p21:

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1

PON2:

Paraoxonase 2

PDK4:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4

PP2Ag1:

Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

RANTES:

Regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted

RECQ2:

RecQ-like type 2 DNA helicase

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

RYK:

Related to receptor tyrosine kinase

SCHAD:

Short chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

SDH:

Succinate dehydrogenase

SH3GL3:

SH3-containing GRB2-like protein 3

SOD2:

Manganese superoxide dismutase

SVCT2:

Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter

tie 2:

Angiopoietin 1 receptor

TRAP230:

Thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein complex component

TSP4:

Thrombospondin 4

UCP:

Mitochondrial uncoupling protein

UQCRB:

Ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase

UQCRC2:

Ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase

UQCRH:

Ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase complex 11 kDa protein

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 26, 3000, Bern 9, Switzerland

    M. Flück & H. Hoppeler

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  1. M. Flück
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Flück, M., Hoppeler, H. (2003). Molecular basis of skeletal muscle plasticity-from gene to form and function. In: Amara, S.G., et al. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, vol 146. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10254-002-0004-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10254-002-0004-7

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