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Unravelling the treasure trove of drought-responsive genes in wild-type peanut through transcriptomics and physiological analyses of root

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Abstract

Peanut is one of the most valuable legumes, grown mainly in arid and semi-arid regions, where its production may be hindered by the lack of water. Therefore, breeding drought tolerant varieties is of great importance for peanut breeding programs around the world. Unlike cultivated peanuts, wild peanuts have greater genetic diversity and are an important source of alleles conferring tolerance/resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. To decipher the transcriptome changes under drought stress, transcriptomics of roots of highly tolerant Arachis duranensis (ADU) and moderately susceptible A. stenosperma (AST) genotypes were performed. Transcriptome analysis revealed an aggregate of 1465 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and among the identified DEGs, there were 366 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Gene ontology and Mapman analyses revealed that the ADU genotype had a higher number of transcripts related to DNA methylation or demethylation, phytohormone signal transduction and flavonoid production, transcription factors, and responses to ethylene. The transcriptome analysis was endorsed by qRT-PCR, which showed a strong correlation value (R2 = 0.96). Physio-biochemical analysis showed that the drought-tolerant plants produced more osmolytes, ROS phagocytes, and sugars, but less MDA, thus attenuating the effects of drought stress. In addition, three SNPs of the gene encoding transcription factor NFAY (Aradu.YE2F8), expansin alpha (Aradu.78HGD), and cytokinin dehydrogenase 1-like (Aradu.U999X) exhibited polymorphism in selected different genotypes. Such SNPs could be useful for the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic Acid

ABFs:

ABA response element-binding factors

APX:

Ascorbate Peroxidase

CAT:

Catalase

cDNA:

Complementary DNA

DEGs:

Differentially expressed genes

DGRs:

Drought Response Genes

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate Reductase

EL:

Electrolytic Leakage

FDR:

False Discovery Rate

FPKM:

Fragments per kb per million fragments

GLCAKG:

Glucosyluronic Acid Kinase

GO:

Gene Ontology

GPX:

Glutathione Peroxidase

GSH:

Reduced Glutathione

KEGG:

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

NCBI:

National Center for Biotechnology Information

OP:

Osmotic Potential

PAL:

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase

POX:

Peroxidase

PP2C:

Protein Phosphatase 2C

qRT-PCR:

Quantitative real-time PCR

RNA-seq:

RNA sequence

ROS:

Reactive Oxygen Species

RWC:

Relative Water Content

SA:

Salicylic Acid

SNRK2:

SNF1-related kinase

SOD:

Superoxide Dismutase

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the ICAR Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat, India, for providing wild-type peanut seeds and also the Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh (Gujarat) for providing the resources, laboratory facilities and infrastructure required for the experiments.

Funding

This study is funded by the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, India

    Feba Jacob Thoppurathu

  2. Department of Systems BiologyABRIIAgricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran

    Zahra Ghorbanzadeh

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, India

    Ashish Kumar Vala & Meera Joshi

  4. Department of Plant Breeding, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Cotton Research Institutes of Iran (CRII), Gorgan, Iran

    Rasmieh Hamid

Authors
  1. Feba Jacob Thoppurathu
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  2. Zahra Ghorbanzadeh
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  3. Ashish Kumar Vala
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  4. Rasmieh Hamid
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  5. Meera Joshi
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Contributions

FJ: sample collection, executed laboratory procedures of the project, and prepared the initial draft of the manuscript; RH: project administration, performed data analysis, data visualization, diagram preparation, as well as writing, review, and editing the manuscript; ZGH: assisted in improving the manuscript and data analysis as well as diagram preparation; AV: guided throughout the experiment: MJ: executed laboratory procedures of the project.

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Correspondence to Rasmieh Hamid.

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Highlights

• Transcriptome analysis revealed an aggregate of 1,465 DEGs and among the identified DEGs there were 366 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

• These DEGs were mostly involved in DNA methylation or demethylation, phytohormone signal transduction, and flavonoid production.

• The bHLH, NAC, and WRKY transcription factor families were the most overexpressed TFs respectively, indicating that, these TFs most likely played an important role in dealing with water deficiency stress in plants.

• Three SNPs of the gene encoding transcription factor NFAY (Aradu.YE2F8), expansin alpha (Aradu.78HGD) and cytokinin dehydrogenase 1-like (Aradu.U999X) exhibited polymorphism in the different selected genotypes.

• Twenty unigenes involved in responses to drought stress were validated using qRT-PCR.

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Thoppurathu, F.J., Ghorbanzadeh, Z., Vala, A.K. et al. Unravelling the treasure trove of drought-responsive genes in wild-type peanut through transcriptomics and physiological analyses of root. Funct Integr Genomics 22, 215–233 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-022-00833-z

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