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Recruitment of closely linked genes for divergent functions: the seed storage protein (Glu-3) and powdery mildew (Pm3) genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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Abstract

Wheat seed storage protein gene loci (Glu-3) and powdery mildew resistance gene loci (Pm3 and Pm3-like) are closely linked on the short arms of homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. To study the structural organization of the Glu-3/Pm3 loci, three bacterial artificial chromosome clones were sequenced from the A, B, and D genomes of hexaploid wheat. The A and B genome clones contained a Glu-3 adjacent to a Pm3-like gene organized in a conserved Glu-3/SFR159/Pm3-like structure. The D genome clone contained clusters of resistance gene analogs but no Pm3. Its similarity to the A and B genome was limited to the Glu-3/SFR159 region. Comparison of the B genome PM3-like deduced amino acid sequence with known PM3 functional isotypes reinforced the hypothesis of allelic evolution via block exchange by gene conversion/recombination. The advent of glutenin genes and the formation of the Glu-3/SFR159/Pm3 locus occurred after divergence of wheat from rice and Brachypodium. Comparison of the A genome homologous sequences permitted an estimate of time of divergence of ~0.3 million years ago. The B genome sequences were not colinear indicating that they could either be paralogs or represent different B genome progenitors. Analysis of the 11 complete retrotransposons indicated a time of divergence ranging from 0.29 to 5.62 million years ago, consistent with their complex nested structure.

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to Mike Shillinglaw for preparation of the figures and Joanne Schiavoni for manuscript preparation. We thank Andrzej Walichnowski for critical reading of this manuscript. This project was supported by the Canadian Crop Genomics Initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. This is Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada contribution # 1973.

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  1. Xiu-Qiang Huang

    Present address: Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2M9

    Zi-Ning Wang, Xiu-Qiang Huang & Sylvie Cloutier

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  1. Zi-Ning Wang
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Correspondence to Sylvie Cloutier.

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Zi-Ning Wang and Xiu-Qiang Huang contributed equally to this manuscript.

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Fig. 1S

(Supplementary data) Deduced amino acid sequence alignment of the known PM3 isotypes with PM3-like from the TaBAC133L16 of the Glenlea B genome shows conservation of sequence blocks (boxes). (GIF 233 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 879 kb)

Fig. 1S

(Supplementary data) Deduced amino acid sequence alignment of the known PM3 isotypes with PM3 like from the TaBAC133L16 of the Glenlea B genome shows conservation of sequence blocks (boxes). (GIF 219 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 857 kb)

Fig. 2S

(Supplementary data) Comparison of BAC sequences by dot plot analysis performed using the JDOTTER program (Brodie et al. 2004) with default parameters. A Comparison of the two A genome sequences from T. turgidum and T. aestivum. B Comparison of the two B genome sequences from T. turgidum and T. aestivum. C Comparison of the A and B genome sequences from T. aestivum. (GIF 326 kb)

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Wang, ZN., Huang, XQ. & Cloutier, S. Recruitment of closely linked genes for divergent functions: the seed storage protein (Glu-3) and powdery mildew (Pm3) genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Funct Integr Genomics 10, 241–251 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-009-0150-y

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