Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Spondyloarthritis in North Africa: an update

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Clinical Rheumatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Letter to the Editor to this article was published on 25 March 2021

Abstract

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) has been less well studied than rheumatoid arthritis in North Africa, due to a belief that it is rare and benign in certain populations. The main genetic trait of SpA is its association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27. The distribution of this allele largely explains the prevalence and severity of SpA. The prevalence of HLA-B27 in the general population of North Africa is estimated at about 4%, and rises to about 60% among people affected with SpA. Coxitis is one of the main features of North African SpA, but the response to treatment is comparable to the literature from the West. The major challenge in North Africa remains accessibility to specialized care and means of early diagnosis. Prevalent infections in North Africa do not seem to be a major obstacle to optimal treatment strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Pernod J, Bruneaux J (1960) Bull Mem Soc Med Hop Paris 76:351–356

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Feldtkeller E, Lemmel EM, Russell AS (2003) Ankylosing spondylitis in the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. Rheumatol Int 23(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-002-0242-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Braun J, Sieper J (2007) Ankylosing spondylitis. Lancet 369:1379–1390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Tayel MY, Soliman E, El Baz WF, El Labaan A, Hamaad Y, Ahmed MH (2012) Registry of the clinical characteristics of spondyloarthritis in a cohort of Egyptian population. Rheumatol Int 32(9):2837–2842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-011-2068-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Sakly N, Boumiza R, Zrour-Hassen S, Hamzaoui A, Ben Yahia S, Amara H, Khairallah M, Mahjoub S, Bergaoui N, Ghedira I (2009) HLA-B27 and HLA-B51 Determination in Tunisian healthy subjects and patients with suspected ankylosing spondylitis and Behcet’s disease Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci 1173:564–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04756.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Mahfoudh N, Siala M, Rihl M, Kammoun A, Frikha F, Younes M, Gdoura R, Gaddour L, Hakim F, Bahloul Z, Baklouti S, Bargaoui N, Sellami S, Hammami A, Makni H (2011) Association and frequency of HLA-A, B and HLA-DR genes in south Tunisian patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA). Clin Rheumatol 30:1069–1073. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-011-1705-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ben Radhia K, Ayed-Jendoubi S, Sfar I, Ben Romdhane T, Makhlouf M, Gorgi Y, Ayed K (2008) Distribution of HLA-B*27 subtypes in Tunisians and their association with ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine 75:172–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.05.020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Siala M, Mahfoudh N, Gdoura R, Younes M, Fourati H, Kammoun A, Cheour I, Meddeb N, Gaddour L, Hakim F, Baklouti S, Bargaoui N, Sellami S, Hammami A, Makni H (2009) Distribution of HLA-B27 and its alleles in patients with reactive arthritis and with ankylosing spondylitis in Tunisia. Rheumatol Int 29:1193–1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-009-0840-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Dahmani CA, Benzaoui A, Amroun H, Mecabih F, Sediki FZ, Zemani-Fodil F, Fodil M, Boughrara W, Mecheti B, Attal N, Mehtar N, Petit-Teixeira E, Boudjema A (2018) Association of the HLA-B27 antigen and the CTLA4 Gene CT60/rs3087243 polymorphism with ankylosing spondylitis in algerian population: a case-control study. Int J Immunogenet 45(3):109–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Amroun H, Djoudi H, Busson M, Allat R, El Sherbini SM, Sloma I et al (2005) Early onset ankylosing spondylitis is associated with a functional MICA polymorphism. Hum Immunol 66:1057–1061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kchir MM, Hamdi W, Laadhar L, Kochbati S, Kaffel D, Saadellaoui K, Lahmar H, Ghannouchi MM, Azzouz D, Daoud L, Ben Hamida A, Zouari B, Zitouni M, Makni S (2010) HLA-B, DR and DQ antigens polymorphism in Tunisian patients with ankylosing spondylitis (a case–control study). Rheumatol Int 30:933–939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-009-1079-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. El Mouraghi I, Ouarour A, Ghozlani I, Collantes E, Solana R, El Maghraoui A (2015) Polymorphisms of HLA-A, -B, -Cw and DRB1 antigens in Moroccan patients with ankylosing spondylitis and a comparison of clinical features with frequencies of HLA-B*27. Tissue Antigens 85:108–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Akassou A, Yacoubi H, Jamil A, Dakka N, Amzazi S, Sadki K, Niamane R, Elhassani S, Bakri Y (2015) Prevalence of HLA-B27 in Moroccan healthy subjects and patients with ankylosing spondylitis and mapping construction of several factors influencing AS diagnosis by using multiple correspondence analysis. Rheumatol Int 35(11):1889–1894

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bohn R, Cooney M, Deodhar A, Curtis JR, Golembesky A (2018) Incidence and prevalence of axial spondyloarthritis: methodologic challenges and gaps in the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol 36:263–274

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Akassou A, Bakri Y (2018) Does HLA-B27 Status influence ankylosing spondylitis phenotype? Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord 8(11):1179544117751627. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179544117751627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Shirazy K, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Hammond C, Jones H, Ladjouze Rezig A, Pedersen R, Vlahos B (2018) The prevalence of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis among patients with inflammatory back pain from Northwest and South Africa: data from a noninterventional, cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Ther 5:437–445

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Ziadé N (2017) HLA B27 antigen in Middle Eastern and Arab countries: systematic review of the strength of association with axial spondyloarthritis and methodological gaps. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 18:280. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-017-1639-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Chung HY, Machado P, van der Heijde D, D'Agostino MA, Dougados M (2011) HLA-B27 positive patients differ from HLA-B27 negative patients in clinical presentation and imaging: results from the DESIR cohort of patients with recent onset axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 70(11):1930–1936. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2011.152975

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hamdi W, Kaffel D, Ghannouchi MM, Laadhar L, Makni S, Kchir MM (2012) Clinical, radiographic and biologic particularities of ankylosing spondylitis in Tunisian patients according to the presence or the absence of the HLA B27 and its sub-types. Rev Med Liege 67(7-8):430–436

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Claudepierre P, Gueguen A, Ladjouze A, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Sellami S, Amor B, Dougados M (1995) Predictive factors of severity of spondyloarthropathy in North Africa. Br J Rheumatol 34(12):1139–1145. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/34.12.1139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Khan MA (2017) An update on the genetic polymorphism of HLA-B*27 with 213 alleles encompassing 160 subtypes (and still counting). Curr Rheumatol Rep 19:9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-017-0640-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Allele search Tool. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/cgi-bin/ipd/imgt/hla/allele.cgi. Accessed 02 December 2020

  23. Varnavidou-Nicolaidou A, Karpasitou K, Georgiou D et al (2004) HLA B27 in the Greek Cypriot population distribution of subtypes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and other HLA B27 related diseases. The possible protective rôle of B*2707. Hum Immunol 65:1451–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2004.08.177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Scordaki Z, Spyropoulou-Vlachou M, Vrani V et al (2003) Polymorphism of HLA-B27 alleles in association with HLA-B27 related diseases in Greek population. Hum Immunol 1:S144#195

    Google Scholar 

  25. Khan MA (1997) Prevalence of HLA B27 in world populations. In: Lopez-Larrea C (ed) HLA B27 in the development of spondyloarthropathies. Landes Spinger, Austin, pp 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  26. Tamouza R, Awada H, Marzais F (1997) HLA B27 in the Lebanese population: subtypes analysis and association with ankylosing spondylitis. In: Charron D et al (eds) Genetic diversity of HLA: functional and medical implications. EDK, Paris, p 649

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gonzalez-Roces S, Brautbar C, Pena M et al (1994) Molecular analysis of HLA B27 haplotypes in Caucasoids. frequencies of B27-Cw in Jewish and Spanish populations. Hum Immunol 41:127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-8859(94)90005-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Oguz FS, Ocal L, Diler AS et al (2004) HLAB27 subtypes in Turkish patients with spondyloarthropathy and healthy controls. Dis Markers 20:309–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Marsh SGE, Albert ED, Bodmer WF et al (2005) WHO nomenclature committee for nomenclature factors of the HLA system 2004. Tissue Antigens 65:301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00379.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fernandez-Sueiro JL, Alonso C, Blanco FJ et al (2004) Prevalence of HLA B27 and subtypes of HLAB27 associated with ankylosing spondylitis in Galicia, Spain. Clin Exp Rheumatol 122:465–468

    Google Scholar 

  31. Grublic Z, Kerhin-Brkljacic V, Peric P et al (2001) Variation in HLA B27 gene subtypes and susceptibility of ankylosing spondylitis in the Croatian population. Reumatizam 48:7–11

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fraile A, Martin J, Lopez-Nevot MA et al (1998) HLA B27 subtyping by PCR RFLP in Spanish patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Tissue Antigens 52:492–496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wu Z, Lin Z, Wei Q, Gu J (2009) Clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis may correlate with HLA-B27 polymorphism. Rheumatol Int 29:389–392

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fallahi S, Mahmoudi M, Nicknam MH et al (2013) Effect of HLA-B*27 and its subtypes on clinical manifestations and severity of ankylosing spondylitis in Iranian patients. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 12:321–330

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Mou Y, Zhang P, Li Q et al (2015) Clinical features in juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis patients carrying different B27 subtypes. Biomed Res Int 2015:594878

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Qi J, Li Q, Lin Z et al (2013) Higher risk of uveitis and dactylitis and older age of onset among ankylosing spondylitis patients with HLA-B*2705 than patients with HLA-B*2704 in the Chinese population. Tissue Antigens 82:380–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Chavan H, Samant R, Deshpande A, Mankeshwar R (2011) Correlation of HLA B27 subtypes with clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis. Int J Rheum Dis 14:369–374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mou Y, Wu Z, Gu J et al (2010) HLA-B27 polymorphism in patients with juvenile and adult-onset ankylosing spondylitis in Southern China. Tissue Antigens 75:56–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lee SH, Choi IA, Lee YA et al (2008) Human leukocyte antigen-B*2705 is the predominant subtype in the Korean population with ankylosing spondylitis, unlike in other Asians. Rheumatol Int 29:43–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Khan MA (1983) B7-CREG and ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol 22(4 Suppl 2):129–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Van Gaalen FA, Verduijn W, Roelen DL, Böhringer S, Huizinga TWJ, van der Heijde D, Toes RE (2013) Epistasis between two HLA antigens defines a subset of individuals at a very high risk for ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 72:974–978. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201774

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Wei JC, Sung-Ching HW, Hsu YW, Wen YF, Wang WC, Wong RH, Lu HF, van Gaalen F, Chang WCH (2015) Interaction between HLA-B60 and HLA-B27 as a better predictor of ankylosing spondylitis in a Taiwanese population. PLoS One 10:e0137189

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cortes A, Pulit SL, Leo PJ, Pointon JJ, Robinson PC, Weisman MH (2015) Major histocompatibility complex associations of ankylosing spondylitis are complex and involve further epistasis with ERAP1. Nat Commun 21(6):7146. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Reveille JD, Zhou X, Lee M, Michael H, Weisman MH, Yi L, Lianne S, Gensler LS, Zou H (2019) HLA class I and II alleles in susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 78(1):66–73. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213779

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Huang XF, Li Z, De Guzman E, Robinson P, Gensler L, Ward MM et al (2020) Genomewide association study of acute anterior uveitis identifies new susceptibility loci. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 61(6):3. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.61.6.3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Payami H, Joe S, Farid NR, Stenszky V, Chan SH, Yeo PP, Cheah JS, Thomson G (1989) Relative predispositional effects (RPEs) of marker alleles with disease: HLA-DR alleles and Graves disease. Am J Hum Genet 45(4):541–546

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Díaz-Peña R, Vidal-Castiñeira JR, López-Vázquez A, López-Larrea C (2016) HLA-B*40:01 Is Associated with ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B27-positive populations. J Rheumatol 43(6):1255–1256. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.151096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Saadi A, Dang J, Shan S, Ladjouze-Rezig A, Lefkir-Tafiani S, Gong Y, Liu Q, Benhassine T (2019) Ankylosing spondylitis: analysis of gene-gene interactions between IL-12β, JAK2, and STAT3 in Han Chinese and Algerian cohorts. Centr Eur J Immunol 44(1):65–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Khan MA, Kushner I, Braun WE, Zachary AA, Steinberg AG (1978) HLA-B27 homozygosity in ankylosing spondylitis: relationship to risk and severity. Tissue Antigens 11:434–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang LI, Yang X, Cai G, Xin L, Xia Q, Zhang XU, Li X, Wang M, Wang K, Xia G, Xu S, Xu J, Zou Y, Pan F (2016) Association study of copy number variants in FCGR3A and FCGR3B gene with risk of ankylosing spondylitis in a Chinese population. Rheumatol Int 36(3):437–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-015-3384-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Chen JY, Wang CM, Chang SW, Cheng CH, Wu YJ, Lin JC, Yang B, Ho HH, Wu J (2014) Association of FCGR3A and FCGR3B copy number variations with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in Taiwanese patients. Arthritis Rheum 66(11):3113–3121. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Willcocks LC, Lyons PA, Clatworthy MR, Robinson JI, Yang W, Newland SA, Smith KG (2008) Copy number of FCGR3B, which is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, correlates with protein expression and immune complex uptake. J Exp Med 205(7):1573–1582. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20072413

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Graf SW, Lester S, Nossent JC, Hill CL, Proudman SM, Lee A, Rischmueller M (2012) Low copy number of the FCGR3B gene and rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther 14(1):R28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. McKinney C, Fanciulli M, Merriman ME, Phipps-Green A, Alizadeh BZ, Koeleman BP, Merriman TR (2010) Association of variation in Fcgamma receptor 3B gene copy number with rheumatoid arthritis in Caucasian samples. Ann Rheum Dis 69(9):1711–1716. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.123588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Wu J, Li Y, Guan W, Viken K, Perlman DM, Bhargava M (2016) FCGR3A and FCGR3B copy number variations are risk factors for sarcoidosis. Hum Genet 135(7):715–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-016-1669-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dahmani CA, Benzaoui A, Amroun H, Zemani-Fodil F, Petit-Teixeira E, Boudjema A (2019) Association study of copy number variants in CCL3L1, FCGR3A and FCGR3B genes with risk of ankylosing spondylitis in a West Algerian population. Int J Immunogenet 00:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/iji.12454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Dahmani CA, Benzaoui A, Amroun H, Mecabih F, Sediki FZ, Zemani-Fodil F, Fodil M, Boughrara W, Mecheti B, Attal N, Mehtar N, Petit- Teixeira E, Boudjema A (2018) Association of the HLA-B27antigen and the CTLA4 gene CT60/rs3087243 polymorphism with ankylosing spondylitis in Algerian population: A case–control study. Int J Immunogenet 45(3):109–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/iji.12369

  58. Ellinghaus D, Jostins L, Spain SL, Cortes A, Bethune J, Han B, Park UR (2016) Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci. Nat Genet 48(5):510–518. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Hammoudeh M, Abdulaziz S, Alosaimi H, Al-Rayes H, Aldeen Sarakbi H, Baamer M et al (2016) Challenges of diagnosis and management of axial spondyloarthritis in North Africa and the Middle East: an expert consensus. J Int Med Res 44(2):216–230

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Allat R (2015) Particularités des spondyloarthrites algériennes. Rev Rhum 82S:A363

    Google Scholar 

  61. Haid S, Rahal S, Teniou A, Gasmi A, Megateli I, Abdessemed A et al (2015) Les Coxites dans la spondyloarthrite. Rev Rhum 82S:A358

    Google Scholar 

  62. Maghraoui AE, Bensabbah R, Bahiri R, Bezza A, Guedira N, Hajjaj-Hassouni N (2003) Cervical spine involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol 22(2):94–98

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ibn Yacoub Y, Amine B, Laatiris A, Abouqal R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N (2011) Spinal mobility and its impact in Moroccan patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol 30(2):239–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Bezza A, Niamane R, Amine B, El Maghraoui A, Bensabbah R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N (2004) Involvement of the foot in patients with psoriatic arthritis. A review of 26 cases. Joint Bone Spine 71(6):546–549

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Sahli H, Bachali A, Tekaya R, Mahmoud I, Sedki Y, Saidane O et al (2019) Involvement of foot in patients with spondyloarthritis: prevalence and clinical features. Foot Ankle Surg 25(2):226–230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Laatiris A, Amine B, Ibn Yacoub Y, Hajjaj-Hassouni N (2012) Enthesitis and its relationships with disease parameters in Moroccan patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int 32(3):723–727

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Moltó A, Etcheto A, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, van den Bosch F, Bautista Molano W et al (2016) Prevalence of comorbidities and evaluation of their screening in spondyloarthritis: results of the international cross-sectional ASAS-COMOSPA study. Ann Rheum Dis 75(6):1016–1023

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ghozlani I, Ghazi M, Nouijai A, Mounach A, Rezqi A, Achemlal L et al (2009) Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Bone 44(5):772–776

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. El Maghraoui A, Ebo’o FB, Sadni S, Majjad A, Hamza T, Mounach A (2016) Is there a relation between pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, cachexia and osteoporosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis? BMC Musculoskelet Disord 17(1):268

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. El Maghraoui A (2005) Pleuropulmonary involvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine 72(6):496–502

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hakkou J, Rostom S, Aissaoui N, Berrada KR, Abouqal R, Bahiri R et al (2011) Psychological status in Moroccan patients with ankylosing spondylitis and its relationships with disease parameters and quality of life. J Clin Rheumatol 17(8):424–428

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Aissaoui N, Rostom S, Hakkou J, Berrada Ghziouel K, Bahiri R, Abouqal R et al (2012) Fatigue in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: prevalence and relationships with disease-specific variables, psychological status, and sleep disturbance. Rheumatol Int 32(7):2117–2124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ibn Yacoub Y, Amine B, Laatiris A, Abouqal R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N (2011) Health-related quality of life in Moroccan patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol 30(5):673–677

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ben Tekaya A, Mahmoud I, Hamdı I, Hechmı S, Saıdane O, Tekaya R, Abdelmoula L (2019) Depression and anxiety in spondyloarthritis: prevalence and relationship with clinical parameters and self-reported outcome measures. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 30(2):90–98

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Burgos-Varga R, Wei JC, Rahman MU, Akkoc N, Atiqul Haq S, Hammoudeh M, Mahgoub E, Singh E, Llamado LJ, Shirazy K, Kotak S, Hammond S, Pedersen R, Shen Q, Vlahos B (2016) The prevalence and clinical characteristics of nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis among patients with inflammatory back pain in rheumatology practices: a multinational, multicenter study. Arthritis Res Ther 18(1):132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-016-1027-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Hamdi W, Chelli-Bouaziz M, Ahmed MS, Ghannouchi MM, Kaffel D, Ladeb MF, Kchir MM (2011) Correlations among clinical, radiographic, and sonographic scores for enthesitis in ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine 78(3):270–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.09.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Hamdi W, Bouaziz Chelli M, Ghannouchi MM, Hawel M, Ladeb MF, Kchir MM (2013) Performance of ultrasounds compared with radiographs to detect chronic enthesitis signs in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int 33(2):497–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-011-2174-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ali Ou Alla S, Bahiri R, Amine H, El Alaoui H, Rkain H, Aktaou S, Abouqal R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N (2013) Ultrasound features of shoulder involvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a case– control study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 14:272

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Goei The HS, Steven MM, Van Der Linden SM, Cats A (1985) Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis: a comparison of the rome, new york and modified new york criteria in patients with a positive clinical history screening test for ankylosing. Rheumatology 24(3):242–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Ibn Yacoub Y, Amine B, Laatiris A, Bensabbah R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N (2012) Relationship between diagnosis delay and disease features in Moroccan patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int 32(2):357–360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Wariaghli G, Allali F, Berrada K, Idrissi Z, Hmamouchi I, Abouqal R et al (2012) Normative values ​​for the bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index in the general population compared with ankylosing spondylitis patients in Morocco. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13(1):40

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Hakkou J, Rostom S, Aissaoui N, Berrada Ghezioul K, Bahiri R, Abouqal R et al (2012) Comparison of the BASDAI and the miniBASDAI in assessing disease activity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol 31(3):441–445

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. van der Heijde D, Ramiro S, Landewé R, Baraliakos X, Van den Bosch F, Sepriano A et al (2017) 2016 update of the ASAS-EULAR mana- gement recommendations for axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 76:978–991

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. van der Heijde D, Kivitz A, Schiff MH (2006) Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 54:2136–2146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sieper J, Listing J, Poddubnyy D (2016) Effect of continuous versus on- demand treatment of ankylosing spondylitis with diclofenac over 2 years on radiographic progression of the spine: results from a randomi- sed multicentre trial (ENRADAS). Ann Rheum Dis 75:1438–1443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Younes M, Jalled A, Aydi Z et al (2010) Socioeconomic impact of ankylosing spondylitis in Tunisia. Joint Bone Spine 77(1):41–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Djebbari A, Bouakkaz S, Bennedjema S et al (2018) Hip arthritis remain free from radiographic progression for 24 months following treatment of ankylosing spondyloarthritis with tnf-Α inhibitors: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis 77(supplement Suppl):A1542. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-eular.2971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Haid S, Teniou D, Megateli I et al (2015) Anti-TNF et spondyloarthrite : quel risque infectieux ? Rev Rhum 82S:A357

    Google Scholar 

  89. Bahiri R, Ichchou L, Bezza A et al (2017) Recommandations de la société marocaine de rhumatologie (SMR) pour la prise en charge thérapeutique des malades atteints de spondylarthrite ankylosante (SpA grave). Rev Mar Rhum 39:3–18

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Atlas Clinic, Batna, Algeria

    Samy Slimani

  2. Service de rhumatologie institut M. T Kassab. UR17SP04 Faculté de médecine de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisia

    Wafa Hamdi

  3. Service de rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco

    Kawtar Nassar

  4. Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

    Asgar Ali Kalla

Authors
  1. Samy Slimani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wafa Hamdi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kawtar Nassar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Asgar Ali Kalla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Samy Slimani.

Ethics declarations

Disclosures

None.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Rheumatology in Africa

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Slimani, S., Hamdi, W., Nassar, K. et al. Spondyloarthritis in North Africa: an update. Clin Rheumatol 40, 3401–3410 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-021-05630-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-021-05630-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation