Abstract
Elevated fluoride (F) concentration in groundwater is posing a public health risk in the Manas River Basin (MRB), Northwest China. Based on the characterization of regional groundwater flow, 90 groundwater samples from aquifers were analyzed, along with top-soil leachate and pore-water samples from aquitards. Stable oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen isotopes, radiocarbon and hydrochemical analyses of the groundwater and pore-water samples were conducted to trace groundwater hydrological and hydrochemical processes and thereby understand the distribution and migration mechanism of F. The groundwater is recharged by meteoric precipitation through vapor condensation processes in the Tianshan Mountains. The F concentration in groundwater samples from this basin ranged from 0.11 to 48.15 mg/L (mean 2.56 mg/L). In 37 of the 90 groundwater samples, the F concentrations were above the safe level for drinking water. The F concentrations progressively increased with the residence time and well depths in the northwest of the alluvial-fluvial plain, where groundwater is overexploited for agricultural and domestic use. Positive correlations between F and sodium (Na)/calcium (Ca) indicate that the enrichment and migration of F are influenced by cation exchange processes under high-Na and alkaline pH conditions. The relationships between δ18O and F and chloride (Cl) concentrations were nonlinear due to leaching and mixing processes. This shows that vertical leaching by irrigation return flow and mixing with pore water are the dominant processes driving the migration of F in the groundwater flow system of MRB, in addition to geochemical processes.
Résumé
Une concentration élevée en fluorures (F) dans l’eau souterraine constitue un risque de santé publique dans le Bassin de la Rivière Manas (BRM), en Chine du Nord-Ouest. Sur la base d’une caractérisation de l’écoulement régional des eaux souterraines, 90 échantillons d’eau souterraine provenant des aquifères ont été analysés, en même temps que le lixiviat de la couche arable et des échantillons d’eau interstitielle provenant des aquitards. Des analyses des isotopes de l’oxygène stable (δ18O) et de l’hydrogène, du radiocarbone et hydrochimiques ont été réalisées sur l’eau souterraine et des échantillons d’eau interstitielle, pour tracer les processus hydrologiques et hydrochimiques de l’eau souterraine et ainsi comprendre le mécanisme de la distribution et de la migration des fluorures (F). L’eau souterraine est rechargée par les précipitations météoriques grâce aux processus de condensation de la vapeur d’eau dans les Monts Tianshan. La concentration des fluorures (F) dans les échantillons d’eau souterraine provenant de ce bassin est comprise entre 0.11 et 48.15 mg/L (moyenne 2.56 mg/L). Dans 37 des 90 échantillons d’eau souterraine, les concentrations en fluorures (F) étaient au-dessus du seuil de sécurité pour une eau potable. Les concentrations en fluorures (F) augmentaient progressivement avec le temps de résidence et la profondeur des forages dans le Nord-Ouest de la plaine fluvio-alluviale, où l’eau souterraine est surexploitée du fait de son utilisation agricole et domestique. Des corrélations positives entre les fluorures (F) et sodium (Na)/ calcium (Ca) indiquent que l’enrichissement et la migration des fluorures (F) sont influencés par les processus d’échanges de cations sous des conditions de Na élevé et de pH alcalin. Les relations entre δ18O et les concentrations en fluorures (F) et en chlorures (Cl) sont non linéaires en raison des processus d’infiltration et de mélange. Cela montre que l’infiltration verticale générée par l’écoulement en retour d’irrigation et le mélange avec l’eau interstitielle sont les processus dominants qui contrôlent la migration des fluorures (F) dans le système d’écoulement souterrain BRM en sus des processus géochimiques.
Resumen
La concentración elevada de fluoruro (F) en el agua subterránea representa un riesgo para la salud pública en la cuenca del río Manas (MRB), en el noroeste de China. Con base en la caracterización del flujo regional del agua subterránea, se analizaron 90 muestras de los acuíferos, junto con muestras de lixiviación del suelo y del agua poral de los acuitardos. Se llevaron a cabo análisis de isótopos estables, oxígeno (δ18O) e hidrógeno, radiocarbono e hidroquímicos de muestras del agua subterránea y del agua intersticial para el seguimiento de los procesos hidrológicos e hidroquímicos del agua subterránea y comprender así el mecanismo de distribución y migración del F. El agua subterránea se recarga por precipitación meteórica a través de procesos de condensación de vapor en las montañas Tianshan. La concentración de F en muestras de agua subterránea de esta cuenca varió de 0.11 to 48.15 mg/L (media 2.56 mg/ L). En 37 de las 90 muestras de agua subterránea, las concentraciones de F estaban por encima del nivel recomendado para el agua potable. Las concentraciones de F aumentaron progresivamente con el tiempo de residencia y las profundidades del pozo en el noroeste de la planicie aluvial-fluvial, donde el agua subterránea está sobreexplotada para uso agrícola y doméstico. Las correlaciones positivas entre F y sodio (Na)/calcio (Ca) indican que el enriquecimiento y la migración del F están influenciados por los procesos de intercambio catiónico bajo condiciones de alto Na y pH alcalino. Las relaciones entre δ18O y F y las concentraciones de cloruro (Cl) no fueron lineales debido a procesos de lixiviación y mezcla. Esto muestra que la lixiviación vertical mediante el flujo de retorno de riego y la mezcla con agua intersticial son los procesos dominantes que impulsan la migración de F en el sistema de flujo de agua subterránea de MRB, además de los procesos geoquímicos.
摘要
高氟地下水在玛纳斯河流域地区广泛分布,已严重威胁公众的用水安全。在区域水流系统分析的基础上,获取了研究区内90个含水层地下水样品,4组表层土壤淋滤液以及8组弱透水层粘性土孔隙水样品,测试其水化学成分、氘氧同位素以及部分样品14C同位素;分析水文地球化学与水动力条件,探讨研究区地下水中氟离子的运移机制。结果表明研究区地下水主要来源于天山山区的降水与冰川融水。研究区地下水中氟离子含量为0.11- 48.15 mg/L,其中1/3以上的地下水样品中氟离子浓度高于饮用水标准。高氟地下水主要分布于研究区西北部,此地区因大面积农田灌溉需要,地下水严重超采。地下水氟离子浓度随着滞留时间增长和井深加大而增高,说明地下水在径流过程中因含氟矿物溶解提高了氟离子浓度。氟与Na/Ca的正相关关系显示在高Na和弱碱性条件下,阳离子交换作用会影响氟的富集与迁移转化。因淋滤和混合作用,地下水中δ18O与F和Cl离子之间的关系是非线性的。通过三端元线性混合模型计算发现,除地球化学过程外,弱透水层孔隙水与灌溉回归水的垂向入渗补给是影响玛纳斯河流域地下水流系统氟离子迁移转化的重要过程。
Resumo
Concentrações elevadas de fluoreto (F) nas águas subterrâneas representam um risco para a saúde pública na Bacia do Rio Manas (BRM), noroeste da China. Baseado na caracterização regional do fluxo de águas subterrâneas, 90 amostras de águas subterrâneas dos aquíferos foram analisadas, juntamente com amostras de chorume e de água de poros no solo superior do aquitardo. Isótopos estáveis de hidrogênio e oxigênio (δ18O), radiocarbono e análises hidroquímicas das águas subterrâneas e amostras dos poros foram realizadas para rastrear os processos hidrológicos e hidroquímicos das águas e assim, compreender os mecanismos de distribuição e migração do F. A água subterrânea é recarregada pela precipitação meteórica, através de processos de condensação de vapor nas Montanhas Tianshan. A concentração de F nas amostras subterrâneas dessa bacia variou de 0.11 a 48.15 mg/L (média de 2.56 mg/L). Em 37 das 90 amostras de água subterrâneas, as concentrações de F estavam acima do nível permitido para água potável. As concentrações de F aumentaram progressivamente com o tempo de residência e as profundidades dos poços no noroeste da planície aluvial-fluvial, onde a água subterrânea é superexplotada para uso agrícola e doméstico. Uma correlação positiva entre F e sódio(Na)/cálcio(Ca) indicam enriquecimento e migração de F, que são influenciados por processos de troca de cátions sob condições de pH alto e alcalino. A correlação entre as concentrações de δ18O, F e cloreto (Cl) são não-lineares, devido ao processo de lixiviação e mistura. Isso mostra que a lixiviação vertical pelo retorno do fluxo de irrigação e mistura das águas dos poros são os processos dominantes que impulsionam a migração de F no sistema de fluxo subterrâneo da BRM, além dos processos geoquímicos.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Professor Jinlong Zhou and Dr. Ruiliang Jia (Xinjiang Agricultural University) for providing field work assistance. We thank Dr. Jing Li for her constructive suggestions on this study.
Funding
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. U1403282 and 41672246) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan (CUGQYZX1712).
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Liu, Y., Jin, M., Ma, B. et al. Distribution and migration mechanism of fluoride in groundwater in the Manas River Basin, Northwest China. Hydrogeol J 26, 1527–1546 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1780-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1780-8