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Integrating aerial geophysical data in multiple-point statistics simulations to assist groundwater flow models

Intégration de données géophysiques aéroportées dans des simulations statistiques à points multiples pour aider à la réalisation de modèles d’écoulement d’eaux souterraines

Integración de datos geofísicos aéreos en simulaciones estadísticas de múltiples puntos para ayudar a los modelos de flujo de agua subterránea

整合多点统计学模拟中航空地球物理资料以支撑地下水流模型

Integrando dados geofísicos aéreos em simulações estatísticas multi-ponto para auxiliar modelos de fluxo de águas subterrâneas

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Abstract

The process of accounting for heterogeneity has made significant advances in statistical research, primarily in the framework of stochastic analysis and the development of multiple-point statistics (MPS). Among MPS techniques, the direct sampling (DS) method is tested to determine its ability to delineate heterogeneity from aerial magnetics data in a regional sandstone aquifer intruded by low-permeability volcanic dykes in Northern Ireland, UK. The use of two two-dimensional bivariate training images aids in creating spatial probability distributions of heterogeneities of hydrogeological interest, despite relatively ‘noisy’ magnetics data (i.e. including hydrogeologically irrelevant urban noise and regional geologic effects). These distributions are incorporated into a hierarchy system where previously published density function and upscaling methods are applied to derive regional distributions of equivalent hydraulic conductivity tensor K. Several K models, as determined by several stochastic realisations of MPS dyke locations, are computed within groundwater flow models and evaluated by comparing modelled heads with field observations. Results show a significant improvement in model calibration when compared to a simplistic homogeneous and isotropic aquifer model that does not account for the dyke occurrence evidenced by airborne magnetic data. The best model is obtained when normal and reverse polarity dykes are computed separately within MPS simulations and when a probability threshold of 0.7 is applied. The presented stochastic approach also provides improvement when compared to a previously published deterministic anisotropic model based on the unprocessed (i.e. noisy) airborne magnetics. This demonstrates the potential of coupling MPS to airborne geophysical data for regional groundwater modelling.

Résumé

Le processus de prise en compte de l’hétérogénéité a fait des progrès considérables dans le domaine de la recherche en statistique, principalement dans le cadre de l’analyse stochastique et le développement de statistiques à points multiples (MPS). Parmi les techniques MPS, la méthode d’échantillonnage direct (DS) est testée pour déterminer sa capacité à délimiter les hétérogénéités à partir de données géophysiques magnétiques aéroportées dans un aquifère régional gréseux intersecté par des dykes volcaniques de faible conductivité hydraulique dans le Nord de l’Irlande (Royaume Uni). L’utilisation de deux images d’apprentissage bidimensionnelles et à deux variables aide à la création de distributions spatiales probabilistes d’hétérogénéités d’intérêt hydrogéologique, malgré des données magnétiques relativement bruitées (par du bruit urbain hydrogéologique et par des effets géologiques régionaux). Ces distributions sont intégrées dans un système hiérarchisé au sein duquel une fonction de densité et des méthodes de changement d’échelle préalablement publiéessont appliquées pour déterminer les distributions régionales du tenseur de conductivité hydraulique équivalent K. Plusieurs modèles K, déterminés par plusieurs réalisations stochastiques de MPS sur des localisations de dykes, sont appliqués dans des modèles d’écoulements d’eaux souterraines et évalués en comparant les charges hydrauliques modélisées avec les observations de terrain. Les résultats montrent une amélioration significative de la calibration du modèle par rapport à un modèle d’un aquifère homogène simpliste et isotrope qui ne prend pas en considération l’occurrence des dykes mis en évidence par les données magnétiques aéroportées. Le meilleur modèle est obtenu lorsque les dykes de polarité normale et inversée sont pris en compte séparément avec des simulations MPS et quand un filtre de probabilité d’une valeur de 0.7 est appliqué. Cette approche stochastique présentée fournit également une amélioration lorsqu’elle est comparée à un modèle déterministe anisotrope publié précédemment, basé sur des données magnétiques aéroportées non traitées (c’est-à-dire bruitées). Cela démontre le potentiel du couplage de la méthode MPS à des données géophysiques aéroportées pour la modélisation hydrogéologique régionale.

Resumen

El proceso para explicar la heterxogeneidad ha logrado avances significativos en la investigación estadística, primariamente en el marco del análisis estocástico y el desarrollo de la estadística de múltiples puntos (MPS). Entre las técnicas de MPS, se probó el método de muestreo directo (DS) para determinar su habilidad para delinear la heterogeneidad a partir de datos magnéticos aéreos en un acuífero regional de areniscas instruido por diques volcánicos de baja permeabilidad en Irlanda del Norte, Reino Unido. El uso de dos imágenes de entrenamiento bidimensionales bivariadas ayuda para crear una distribución de probabilidad espacial de heterogeneidades de interés hidrogeológico, a pesar de los datos magnéticos relativamente ‘ruidosos’ (es decir que incluye el ruido urbano hidrogeológicamente irrelevante y efectos geológicos regionales). Estas distribuciones son incorporadas en un sistema jerárquico donde se aplican las funciones de densidad previamente publicadas de métodos de generalización de la escala para deducir las distribuciones regionales del tensor equivalente de conductividad hidráulica K. Se calculan varios modelos de K, según lo determinado por varias realizaciones estocásticas de ubicaciones de diques MPS, dentro de los modelos de flujo de agua subterránea y se evalúan comparando las cargas hidráulicas modeladas con observaciones de campo. Los resultados muestran una mejora significativa en la calibración del modelo cuando se los compara con modelos simples de un acuífero isotrópico y homogéneo que no tienen en cuenta la ocurrencia de diques evidenciados por los datos magnéticos aéreos. El mejor modelo se obtiene cuando las polaridades normal e inversa de los diques son calculadas separadamente dentro de las simulaciones MPS y cuando se aplica un umbral de probabilidad de 0.7. La aproximación estocástica presentada también proporciona mejoras cuando se la compara con un modelo anisotrópico determinístico previamente publicado basado en datos magnéticos aéreos no procesados (es decir ruidosos). Esto demuestra el potencial de acoplar MPS a datos geofísicos aéreos para el modelado regional de agua subterránea.

摘要

在统计研究中,主要在随机分析和多点统计学开发框架内,论述非均质性的过程取得了重要进展。在多点统计学技术中,检测了直接采样法,以确定其根据英国北爱尔兰一个受到低透水性火山岩脉入侵的区域砂岩含水层航空磁测数据描述非均质性的能力。尽管磁性资料相当“嘈杂”(即包括与水文地质方面无关的城市噪音和区域地质影响),但两个二维二变量训练图像的使用为创建水文地质方面的非均质性空间概率分布提供了帮助。这些分布数据整合到一个分级体系中,在这个分级系统中,应用过去刊出的密度函数法和升级法导出等同的水力传导率张量K的区域分布。由多点统计学几个随机完成的岩脉位置确定的几个K模型在地下水流模型内进行了计算,并通过对比模拟的水头和室外观测结果进行了评价。结果显示,与没有解释航空磁性资料已证明的岩脉赋存的、过分简单的均质和各相同性含水层模型相比,模型校正有很大的改进。在多点统计学模拟内分别计算正反极岩脉时,并且概率阈值设定为0.7时,获得了最好的模型。与过去刊出的基于未处理的(即嘈杂的)航空磁性、确定性的各相向性的模型相比,所论述的随机方法也进行了改进。这展示了多点统计学与航空地球物理资料相结合进行区域地下水模拟的潜力。

Resumo

O processo de explicar a heterogeneidade teve avanço significativo na pesquisa estatística, primeiramente no âmbito da análise estocástica e desenvolvimento da estatística multi-ponto (EMP). Em meio às técnicas de EMP, o método de amostragem direta (AD) é testado para determinar sua habilidade em delinear heterogeneidade de dados magnéticos aéreos em um aquífero sedimentar regional com intrusão de diques vulcânicos de baixa permeabilidade na Irlanda do Norte, Reino Unido. O uso de duas imagens bidimensionais de treinamento bivariantes auxilia na criação de distribuições espaciais de probabilidade das heterogeneidades de interesse hidrogeológico, apesar do relativo ruído dos dados magnéticos (p. ex., incluindo ruídos urbanos hidrogeologicamente irrelevantes e efeitos geológicos regionais). Essas distribuições são incorporadas à um sistema hierárquico onde funções de densidade previamente publicadas e métodos de aumento de escala são aplicados para derivar distribuições regionais do tensor K de condutividade hidráulica equivalente. Diversos modelos K, como determinados pelas diversas realizações estocásticas de EMP dos locais de diques, são computados em modelos de fluxo de águas subterrâneas e avaliados pela comparação de cargas modeladas com observações de campo. Os resultados demonstram uma significativa melhora na calibração do modelo quando comparado à um modelo de aquífero simplistamente homogêneo e isotrópico que não considera a ocorrência de diques evidenciados nos dados magnéticos aerotransportados. O melhor modelo é obtido quando as polaridades normais e reversas dos diques são computadas separadamente nas simulações EMP e quando um limite de probabilidade de 0.7 é aplicado. A presente abordagem estocástica também proporcionou melhora quando comparada ao modelo determinístico anisotrópico publicado previamente, baseado em dados magnéticos aerotransportados não processados (ou seja, com ruídos). Isso demonstra o potencial da integração de EMP aos dados geofísicos aerotransportados para modelagem regional das águas subterrâneas.

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Acknowledgements

Neil Dickson was funded through a PhD studentship in Queen’s University, Belfast, from the Northern Irish Department of Education and Learning (DEL). We acknowledge two anonymous reviewers as well as the associate editor A. McDonald and the editor E. Screaton for valuable comments that contributed to improving the final manuscript.

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Dickson, N.E.M., Comte, JC., Renard, P. et al. Integrating aerial geophysical data in multiple-point statistics simulations to assist groundwater flow models. Hydrogeol J 23, 883–900 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1258-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1258-x

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