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Polyphenazine and polytriphenylmethane redox polymer/nanomaterial–based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review

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Abstract

In recent years, an increasing number of studies has demonstrated that redox polymers can be used in simple and effective electrochemical sensing platforms due to their fast electron transfer and electrocatalytic ability. To develop more sensitive and selective electrochemical (bio)sensors, the electrocatalytic properties of redox polymers and the electrical, mechanical, and catalytic properties of various nanomaterials are combined. This review aims to summarize and contribute to the development of (bio)sensors based on polyphenazine or polytriphenylmethane redox polymers combined with nanomaterials, including carbon-based nanomaterials, metal/metal oxide, and semiconductor nanoparticles. The synthesis, preparation, and modification of these nanocomposites is presented and the contribution of each material to the performance of (bio)sensor has been be examined. It is explained how the combined use of these redox polymers and nanomaterials as a sensing platform leads to improved analytical performance of the (bio)sensors. Finally, the analytical performance characteristics and practical applications of polyphenazine and polytriphenylmethane redox polymer/nanomaterial–based electrochemical (bio)sensors are compared and discussed.

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Acknowledgements

B. Dalkiran thankfully acknowledges the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 2219) for a postdoctoral fellowship.

Funding

The authors thank Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal, project PTDC/QEQ-QAN/2201/2014, in the framework of Project 3599-PPCDT, co-financed by the European Community Fund FEDER), and CEMMPRE, project UIDB/EMS/00285/2020 by FEDER funds through the program COMPETE – Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade, and by national funds through FCT.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal

    Berna Dalkiran & Christopher M. A. Brett

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey

    Berna Dalkiran

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  1. Berna Dalkiran
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Correspondence to Christopher M. A. Brett.

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Dalkiran, B., Brett, C.M.A. Polyphenazine and polytriphenylmethane redox polymer/nanomaterial–based electrochemical sensors and biosensors: a review. Microchim Acta 188, 178 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-04821-1

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