Abstract
Τhe middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) was initially identified in humans as a discrete subcortical pathway connecting the superior temporal gyrus (STG) to the angular gyrus (AG). Further anatomo-imaging studies, however, proposed more sophisticated but conflicting connectivity patterns and have created a vague perception on its functional anatomy. Our aim was, therefore, to investigate the ambiguous structural architecture of this tract through focused cadaveric dissections augmented by a tailored DTI protocol in healthy participants from the Human Connectome dataset. Three segments and connectivity patterns were consistently recorded: the MdLF-I, connecting the dorsolateral Temporal Pole (TP) and STG to the Superior Parietal Lobule/Precuneus, through the Heschl’s gyrus; the MdLF-II, connecting the dorsolateral TP and the STG with the Parieto-occipital area through the posterior transverse gyri and the MdLF-III connecting the most anterior part of the TP to the posterior border of the occipital lobe through the AG. The lack of an established termination pattern to the AG and the fact that no significant leftward asymmetry is disclosed tend to shift the paradigm away from language function. Conversely, the theory of “where” and “what” auditory pathways, the essential relationship of the MdLF with the auditory cortex and the functional role of the cortical areas implicated in its connectivity tend to shift the paradigm towards auditory function. Allegedly, the MdLF-I and MdLF-II segments could underpin the perception of auditory representations; whereas, the MdLF-III could potentially subserve the integration of auditory and visual information.
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Author contributions to the study and manuscript preparation include the following. Conception and design: Kalyvas, Koutsarnakis. Acquisition of data: Kalyvas, Koutsarnakis, Komaitis, Karavasilis, Christidi, Papakonstantinou, Kelekis. Analysis and interpretation of data: Kalyvas, Koutsarnakis, Christidi, Karavasilis, Komaitis, Liouta, Skandalakis. Drafting the article: Koutsarnakis, Kalyvas, Christidi, Karavasilis. Critically revising the article: Koutsarnakis, Kalyvas, Duffau, Stranjalis. Reviewed submitted version of manuscript: All authors. Administrative technical, material support: Koutsarnakis, Stranjalis. Study supervision: Koutsarnakis.
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Supplementary Fig.
1 Reconstruction of bilateral MdLF-I and SLF and projection over subject’s anatomical 3D T1 image on coronal plane. Color-coding for the right and left MdLF-I (red and blue, respectively) and right and left SLF (green and violet) is conventional for visualization purposes. L = Left; R = Right; MdLF-I = Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus- Segment I; SLF = ; Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
Supplementary Fig.
2 Reconstruction of bilateral MdLF-II and SLF and projection over subject’s anatomical 3D T1 image on coronal plane. Color-coding for the right and left MdLF-II (red and blue, respectively) and right and left SLF (green and violet) is conventional for visualization purposes. L = Left; R = Right; MdLF-II = Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus- Segment II; SLF = ; Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
Supplementary Fig.
3 Reconstruction of bilateral MdLF-III and SLF and projection over subject’s anatomical 3D T1 image on coronal plane. Color-coding for the right and left MdLF-III (red and blue, respectively) and right and left SLF (green and violet) is conventional for visualization purposes. L = Left; R = Right; MdLF-III = Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus-Segment III; SLF = ; Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
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Kalyvas, A., Koutsarnakis, C., Komaitis, S. et al. Mapping the human middle longitudinal fasciculus through a focused anatomo-imaging study: shifting the paradigm of its segmentation and connectivity pattern. Brain Struct Funct 225, 85–119 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01987-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01987-6