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Sex chromosomes of basal placental mammals

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Abstract

Placental (eutherian) mammals are currently classified into four superordinal clades (Afrotheria, Xenarthra, Laurasiatheria and Supraprimates) of which one, the Afrotheria (a unique lineage of African origin), is generally considered to be basal. Therefore, Afrotheria provide a pivotal evolutionary link for studying fundamental differences between the sex chromosomes of human/mouse (both representatives of Supraprimates and the index species for studies of sex chromosomes) and those of the distantly related marsupials. In this study, we use female fibroblasts to investigate classical features of X chromosome inactivation including replication timing of the X chromosomes and Barr body formation. We also examine LINE-1 accumulation on the X chromosomes of representative afrotherians and look for evidence of a pseudoautosomal region (PAR). Our results demonstrate that asynchronous replication of the X chromosomes is common to Afrotheria, as with other mammals, and Barr body formation is observed across all Placentalia, suggesting that mechanisms controlling this evolved before their radiation. Finally, we provide evidence of a PAR (which marsupials lack) and demonstrate that LINE1 is accumulated on the afrotherian and xenarthran X, although this is probably not due to transposition events in a common ancestor, but rather ongoing selection to retain recently inserted LINE1 on the X.

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Acknowledgements

SCP antibodies were kindly provided by Christa Heyting, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. P. Robles and R. Garcia from Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona are gratefully acknowledged for their technical advices. ARH is a postdoctoral fellow in the Evolutionary Genomics Group and is supported by a postdoctoral grant from the Ministry of Education and Science (MEC). Funding to TJR by a South African National Research Foundation grant is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Paul D. Waters

    Present address: Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

  2. Gauthier Dobigny

    Present address: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Campus de Baillarguet, CS30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa

    Paul D. Waters, Aurora Ruiz-Herrera, Gauthier Dobigny & Terence J. Robinson

  2. Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain

    Montserrat Garcia Caldès

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  1. Paul D. Waters
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  2. Aurora Ruiz-Herrera
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Correspondence to Terence J. Robinson.

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Waters, P.D., Ruiz-Herrera, A., Dobigny, G. et al. Sex chromosomes of basal placental mammals. Chromosoma 116, 511–518 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-007-0116-6

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