Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

High-vacuum time-resolved laser-induced incandescence of flame-generated soot

  • Published:
Applied Physics B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We have measured time-resolved laser-induced incandescence of flame-generated soot under high-vacuum conditions (4.1×10−6 mbar) at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm with laser fluences spanning 0.06–0.5 J/cm2. We generated soot in an ethylene/air diffusion flame, introduced it into the vacuum system with an aerodynamic lens, heated it using a pulsed laser with a spatially homogeneous and temporally smooth laser profile, and recorded LII temporal profiles at 685 nm. At low laser fluences LII signal decay rates are slow, and LII signals persist beyond the residence time of the soot particles in the detection region. At these fluences, the temporal maximum of the LII signal increases nearly linearly with increasing laser fluence until reaching a plateau at ∼0.18 J/cm2. At higher fluences, the LII signal maximum is independent of laser fluence within experimental uncertainty. At these fluences, the LII signal decays rapidly during the laser pulse. The fluence dependence of the vacuum LII signal is qualitatively similar to that observed under similar laser conditions in an atmospheric flame but requires higher fluences (by ∼0.03 J/cm2) for initiation. These data demonstrate the feasibility of recording vacuum LII temporal profiles of flame-generated soot under well-characterized conditions for model validation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. J.E. Dec, A.O. zur Loye, D.L. Siebers, SAE Transact. 100, 277 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  2. J.E. Dec, SAE Transact. 101, 101 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  3. C. Espey, J.E. Dec, Proc. - Soc. Automot. Eng. 102, 703 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  4. J.A. Pinson, D.L. Mitchell, R.J. Santoro, in Proc. SAE, SAE Paper No. 932650 (1993)

  5. J.A. Pinson, T. Ni, T.A. Litzinger, SAE Transact. 103, 1773 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  6. K. Inagaki, S. Takasu, K. Nakakita, SAE Transact. 108, 574 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  7. D. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, R.A. Sawchuk, W.S. Neill, D. Gareau, W.L. Chippior, F. Liu, Ö.L. Gülder, SAE Transact. 108, 2156 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  8. D. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, R.A. Sawchuk, W.S. Neill, D. Gareau, D.J. Clavel, W.L. Chippior, F. Liu, Ö.L. Gülder, W.D. Bachalo, SAE Transact. 109, 1914 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  9. P.O. Witze, SAE Transact. 111, 661 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  10. N.P. Tait, D.A. Greenhalgh, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 97, 1619 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  11. F. Cignoli, S. Benecchi, G. Zizak, Appl. Opt. 33, 5778 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. R.L. Vander Wal, K.J. Weiland, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 59, 445 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. T. Ni, J.A. Pinson, S. Gupta, R.J. Santoro, Appl. Opt. 34, 7083 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. C.R. Shaddix, K.C. Smyth, Combust. Flame 107, 418 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. H. Geitlinger, Th. Streibel, R. Suntz, H. Bockhorn, Combust. Sci. Technol. 149, 115 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. D.J. Bryce, N. Ladommatos, H. Zhao, Appl. Opt. 39, 5012 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. B. Axelsson, R. Collin, P.-E. Bengtsson, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 72, 367 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. T. Schittkowski, B. Mewes, D. Brüggemann, PCCP, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4, 2063 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  19. M.D. Smooke, M.B. Long, B.C. Connelly, M.B. Colket, R.J. Hall, Combust. Flame 143, 613 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. J.P. Schwarz, R.S. Gao, D.W. Fahey, D.S. Thomson, L.A. Watts, J.C. Wilson, J.M. Reeves, M. Darbeheshti, D.G. Baumgardner, G.L. Kok, S.H. Chung, M. Schulz, J. Hendricks, A. Lauer, B. Karcher, J.G. Slowik, K.H. Rosenlof, T.L. Thompson, A.O. Langford, M. Loewenstein, K.C. Aikin, J. Geophys. Res. 111, D16207 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. R.J. Santoro, C.R. Shaddix, in Applied Combustion Diagnostics, ed. by K. Kohse-Höinghaus, J.B. Jeffries (Taylor & Francis, New York, 2002), pp. 252–252

    Google Scholar 

  22. C. Schulz, B.F. Kock, M. Hofmann, H.A. Michelsen, S. Will, B. Bougie, R. Suntz, G.J. Smallwood, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 83, 333 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. H.A. Michelsen, F. Liu, B.F. Kock, H. Bladh, A. Boiarciuc, M. Charwath, T. Dreier, R. Hadef, M. Hofmann, J. Reimann, S. Will, P.-E. Bengtsson, H. Bockhorn, F. Foucher, K.P. Geigle, C. Mounaïm-Rousselle, C. Schulz, R. Stirn, B. Tribalet, R. Suntz, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 87, 503 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. D. Snelling, F. Liu, G.J. Smallwood, Ö.L. Gülder, in Proceedings of the 34th National Heat Transfer Conference, NHTC2000 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  25. H.A. Michelsen, P.O. Witze, D. Kayes, S. Hochgreb, Appl. Opt. 42, 5577 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. M.A. Dansson, M. Boisselle, M.A. Linne, H.A. Michelsen, Appl. Opt. 46, 8095 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. F. Goulay, P.E. Schrader, H.A. Michelsen, Appl. Phys. B 96, 613 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. H. Bladh, J. Johnsson, P.E. Bengtsson, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 96, 645 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. R.L. Vander Wal, Appl. Opt. 35, 6548 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Charwath, R. Suntz, H. Bockhorn, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 83, 435 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. H. Bladh, J. Johnsson, P.-E. Bengtsson, Appl. Phys. B 90, 109 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. F. Liu, D.R. Snelling, K.A. Thomson, G.J. Smallwood, Appl. Phys. B 96, 623 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. F. Goulay, P.E. Schrader, L. Nemes, M.A. Dansson, H.A. Michelsen, Proc. Combust. Inst. 32, 963 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. G.S. Eom, C.W. Park, Y.H. Shin, K.H. Chung, S. Park, W. Choe, J.W. Hahn, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1261 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. M.S. Tsurikov, K.P. Geigle, V. Kruger, Y. Schneider-Kuhnle, W. Stricker, R. Luckerath, R. Hadef, M. Aigner, Combust. Sci. Technol. 177, 1835 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. V. Beyer, D.A. Greenhalgh, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 83, 455 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. K.A. Thomson, D.R. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, F. Liu, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 83, 469 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. F. Liu, K.J. Daun, V. Beyer, G.J. Smallwood, D.A. Greenhalgh, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 87, 179 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. G.B. Kim, J.Y. Shim, S.W. Cho, Y.J. Chang, C.H. Jeon, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 22, 1154 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. M. Hofmann, F. Kock, T. Dreier, H. Jander, C. Schulz, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 90, 629 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. L.A. Melton, Appl. Opt. 23, 2201 (1984)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. S. Will, S. Schraml, A. Leipertz, Opt. Lett. 20, 2342 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. S. Schraml, S. Dankers, K. Bader, S. Will, A. Leipertz, Combust. Flame 120, 439 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Th. Lehre, H. Bockhorn, B. Jungfleisch, R. Suntz, Chemosphere 51 (2003)

  45. H.A. Michelsen, J. Chem. Phys. 118, 7012 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. S. Dankers, A. Leipertz, Appl. Opt. 43, 3726 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. H.A. Michelsen, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 83, 443 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. H. Bladh, P.-E. Bengtsson, J. Delhay, Y. Bouvier, E. Therssen, P. Desgroux, Appl. Phys. B 83, 423 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. A. Boiarciuc, F. Foucher, C. Mounaim-Rousselle, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 83, 413 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. D.R. Snelling, K.A. Thomson, G.J. Smallwood, Appl. Phys. B 96, 657 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. L.H. Chen, A. Garo, K. Cen, G. Grehan, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 87, 739 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. R. Ochoterena, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 96, 695 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. G.J. Smallwood, D. Snelling, F. Liu, Ö.L. Gülder, J. Heat Transf. 123, 814 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. H. Bladh, P.-E. Bengtsson, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 78, 241 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. H.A. Michelsen, M.A. Linne, B.F. Kock, M. Hofmann, B. Tribalet, C. Schulz, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 93, 645 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. F. Goulay, P.E. Schrader, L. Nemes, H.A. Michelsen, Mol. Phys. 108, 1013 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. S.-A. Kuhlmann, J. Reimann, S. Will, J. Aerosol Sci. 37, 1696 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. F. Liu, K.J. Daun, D.R. Snelling, G.J. Smallwood, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 83, 355 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. H. Michelsen, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 94, 103 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. D.R. Snelling, F. Liu, G.J. Smallwood, Ö.L. Gülder, Combust. Flame 136, 180 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. H.A. Michelsen, P.E. Schrader, F. Goulay, Carbon 48, 2175 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. E.A. Rohlfing, J. Chem. Phys. 89, 6103 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. R.J. Santoro, H.G. Semerjian, R.A. Dobbins, Combust. Flame 51, 203 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. R. Puri, T.F. Richardson, R.J. Santoro, R.A. Dobbins, Combust. Flame 92, 320 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Ü.Ö. Köylü, C.S. McEnally, D.E. Rosner, L.D. Pfefferle, Combust. Flame 110, 494 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. S. Will, S. Schraml, K. Bader, A. Leipertz, Appl. Opt. 37, 5647 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. P. Liu, P.J. Ziemann, D.B. Kittelson, P.H. McMurry, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 22, 293 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. P. Liu, P.J. Ziemann, D.B. Kittelson, P.H. McMurry, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 22, 314 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. X. Zhang, K.A. Smith, D.R. Worsnop, J.-L. Jimenez, J.T. Jayne, C.E. Kolb, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 36, 617 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. X. Wang, P.H. McMurry, Aerosol Sci. Technol. 40, 320 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. R.J. Santoro, J.H. Miller, Langmuir 3, 244 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. H.A. Michelsen, A.V. Tivanski, M.K. Gilles, L.H. van Poppel, M.A. Dansson, P.R. Buseck, Appl. Opt. 46, 959 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. F. Goulay, P.E. Schrader, H.A. Michelsen, In preparation (2009)

  74. R.A. Dobbins, C.M. Megaridis, Langmuir 3, 254 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. R.T. Wainner, J.M. Seitzman, S.R. Martin, AIAA J. 37, 738 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  76. G.D. Yoder, P.K. Diwaker, D.W. Hahn, Appl. Opt. 44, 4211 (2005)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. C.B. Stipe, D. Lucas, C.P. Koshland, R.F. Sawyer, Appl. Opt. 44, 6537 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. U. Westblom, P.E. Bengtsson, M. Alden, Appl. Phys., B Photophys. Laser Chem. 52, 371 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. P.-E. Bengtsson, M. Aldén, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 60, 51 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. J. Walewski, M. Rupinski, H. Bladh, Z.S. Li, P.-E. Bengtsson, M. Aldén, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 77, 447 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. M. Commodo, S. Violi, A. D’Anna, A. D’Alessio, C. Allouis, F. Beretta, P. Minutolo, Combust. Sci. Technol. 179, 387 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. F. Goulay, L. Nemes, P.E. Schrader, H.A. Michelsen, Mol. Phys. 108, 1013 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. E. Therssen, Y. Bouvier, C. Schoemaecker-Moreau, X. Mercier, P. Desgroux, M. Ziskind, C. Focsa, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 89, 417 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. R.J. Santoro, T.T. Yeh, J.J. Horvath, H.G. Semerjian, Combust. Sci. Technol. 53, 89 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. R.L. Vander Wal, T.M. Ticich, A.B. Stephens, Combust. Flame 116, 291 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. S. De Iuliis, F. Migliorini, F. Cignoli, G. Zizak, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 83, 397 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. F. Goulay, P.E. Schrader, H.A. Michelsen, Appl. Phys. B 100, 655 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 969, MS 9055, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA

    J. M. Headrick, F. Goulay, P. E. Schrader & H. A. Michelsen

Authors
  1. J. M. Headrick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. Goulay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. E. Schrader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. H. A. Michelsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. A. Michelsen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Headrick, J.M., Goulay, F., Schrader, P.E. et al. High-vacuum time-resolved laser-induced incandescence of flame-generated soot. Appl. Phys. B 104, 439–450 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4450-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4450-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation