Abstract
This paper investigates multiscale stochastic Klein–Gordon-heat system. We establish the well-posedness and two kinds of stochastic averaging principle for stochastic Klein–Gordon-heat system with two timescales. To be more precise, under suitable conditions, two kinds of averaging principle (the autonomous case and the nonautonomous case) are proved, and as a consequence, the multiscale stochastic Klein–Gordon-heat system can be reduced to a single stochastic Klein–Gordon equation (averaged equation) with a modified coefficient, the slow component of multiscale stochastic system toward the solution of the averaged equation in moment (the autonomous case) and in probability (the nonautonomous case).
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the referees and the editor for their careful comments and useful suggestions. I sincerely thank Professor Yong Li for many useful suggestions and help.
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Communicated by Dr. Paul Newton.
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Appendix
Appendix
1.1 Proof of Proposition 3.1
Proof
Let \(u=\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }u_{n}e_{n},f=\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }f_{n}e_{n},g=\sum \limits _{n=1}^{\infty }g_{n}e_{n}\), then we have
By applying the Itô formula, we have
Integrating between 0 and t, we have
Noting the fact that \( \Vert u(\cdot ,t)\Vert =\sum \nolimits _{n=1}^{\infty }u_{n}^{2}(t),~ \Vert u_{t}(\cdot ,t)\Vert =\sum \nolimits _{n=1}^{\infty }\dot{u}_{n}^{2}(t),~ \Vert u_{x}(\cdot ,t)\Vert =\sum \nolimits _{n=1}^{\infty }\lambda _{n}u_{n}^{2}(t) \) and taking the sum on n in formula (8.1), we can prove (3.1).
For any \(\varphi \in C^{\infty }(Q),\varphi (0,t)=\varphi (1,t)=0\), according to \(\mathrm{d}(u_{t}\varphi )=\varphi \mathrm{d}u_{t}+ u_{t} \mathrm{d}\varphi + \mathrm{d}u_{t} \mathrm{d}\varphi =\varphi \mathrm{d}u_{t}+ u_{t} \varphi _{t}\mathrm{d}t\), we have
Since \(\mathrm{d}(u\varphi _{t})=\varphi _{t} \mathrm{d}u+ u \mathrm{d}\varphi _{t}+ \mathrm{d}u \mathrm{d}\varphi _{t}=\varphi _{t} u_{t}\mathrm{d}t+ u \varphi _{tt}\mathrm{d}t\), we have
It follows from (8.2) and (8.3) that
thus, we can obtain (3.2).
According to (3.2), we have
this implies (3.3). \(\square \)
1.2 Proof of Proposition 3.2
Proof
The proof is inspired from Chow (2014, P133, Lemma 3.1, Lemma 3.2), (Gao 2016, Proposition 2.1).
We know that
is the solution of
1) If we set \(f=0,g=0\), we can know that \(G^{\prime }(t)u_{0}+G(t)u_{1}\) is the solution to
it follows from (8.1) that
taking the sum form 1 to \(+\infty \), we have
thus, we have
Multiplying (8.4) by \(\lambda _{n}\), we have
taking the sum form 1 to \(+\infty \), we have
thus, it holds that
2) If we set \(g=0,u_{0}=0,u_{1}=0\), we can know that \(\int _{0}^{t}G(t-s)f(s)\mathrm{d}s\) is the solution to
It follows from (8.1) that
then, it holds that
thus, we have
taking the sum form 1 to \(+\infty \), we have (3.4) with \(m=0\).
If we multiply (8.5) by \(\lambda _{n}\) and take the sum form 1 to \(+\infty \), we have (3.4) with \(m=1\).
3) If we set \(f=0,u_{0}=0,u_{1}=0\), we can know that \(\int _{0}^{t}G(t-s)g(s)\mathrm{d}W_{1}\) is the solution to
it follows from (8.1) that
taking the sum form 1 to \(+\infty \), we have
In view of the Burkholder–Davis–Gundy inequality, it holds that
Thus, we can obtain that
If we take \(\eta<<1\), we have (3.5) with \(m=0\).
If we multiply (8.6) by \(\lambda _{n}\) and take the sum form 1 to \(+\infty \), by the above same method as above, we have (3.5) with \(m=1\). \(\square \)
1.3 Proof of Proposition 3.4
Proof
It follows from the factorization formula (see Da Prato and Zabczyk 2014, P130, Theorem 5.10) that
where
Thus, we have
Due to Proposition 3.3, it holds that
then, we can obtain
For any \(p>\frac{2}{1-\beta }\), it holds that
then, we can obtain that
Due to the Burkholder–Davis–Gundy inequality, it can be deduced that
Thus, we can obtain (3.7). \(\square \)
1.4 Proof of Proposition 5.2
Proof
1) It follows from the energy method that
namely
With the help of the Young inequality and choosing a suitable \(\eta \), we can obtain
Thus, it holds that
By applying Lemma 3.1 with \(\mathbb {E}\Vert B^{A,X}(t)\Vert ^{2}\), we have
It follows from the energy method that
namely
here we have used Corollary 3.1.
It follows from (H) that
this yields
2) (5.2) implies that for any \(A\in L^{2}(I)\), there is a unique invariant measure \(\mu ^{A}\) for the Markov semigroup \(P_{t}^{A}\) associated with system (5.1) in \(L^{2}(I)\) such that
for any \(\varphi \in B_{b}(L^{2}(I))\) the space of bounded functions on \(L^{2}(I)\).
Then, by repeating the standard argument as in Cerrai (2011, Proposition 4.2) and Cerrai and Freidlin (2009, Lemma 3.4), the invariant measure satisfies
3) According to the invariant property of \(\mu ^{A}\), 2) and (5.2), we have
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Gao, P. Averaging Principle for Multiscale Stochastic Klein–Gordon-Heat System. J Nonlinear Sci 29, 1701–1759 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00332-019-09529-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00332-019-09529-4
Keywords
- Multiscale stochastic partial differential equations
- Stochastic averaging principle
- Stochastic Klein–Gordon-heat system
- Stochastic Klein–Gordon equation
- Effective dynamics