Abstract
The xylose oxidative pathway (XOP) has been engineered in microorganisms for the production of a wide range of industrially relevant compounds. However, the performance of metabolically engineered XOP-utilizing microorganisms is typically hindered by D-xylonic acid accumulation. It acidifies the media and perturbs cell growth due to toxicity, thus curtailing enzymatic activity and target product formation. Fortunately, from the growing portfolio of genetic tools, several strategies that can be adapted for the generation of efficient microbial cell factories have been implemented to address D-xylonic acid accumulation. This review centers its discussion on the causes of D-xylonic acid accumulation and how to address it through different engineering and synthetic biology techniques with emphasis given on bacterial strains. In the first part of this review, the ability of certain microorganisms to produce and tolerate D-xylonic acid is also tackled as an important aspect in developing efficient microbial cell factories. Overall, this review could shed some insights and clarity to those working on XOP in bacteria and its engineering for the development of industrially applicable product-specialist strains.
Key points
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D-Xylonic acid accumulation is attributed to the overexpression of xylose dehydrogenase concomitant with basal or inefficient expression of enzymes involved in D-xylonic acid assimilation.
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Redox imbalance and insufficient cofactors contribute to D-xylonic acid accumulation.
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Overcoming D-xylonic acid accumulation can increase product formation among engineered strains.
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Engineering strategies involving enzyme engineering, evolutionary engineering, coutilization of different sugar substrates, and synergy of different pathways could potentially address D-xylonic acid accumulation.
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Funding
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) under the Basic Science Research Program through the Ministry of Education (2021R1F1A1045612 and 2020R1A6A1A03038817) and by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE No. 20194010201750).
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ABB conceived the outline of the review, wrote the manuscript, and prepared the figures. GMN supervised and revised the manuscript. KNGV revised the manuscript. WKL and WJC supervised and finalized the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Bañares, A.B., Nisola, G.M., Valdehuesa, K.N.G. et al. Understanding D-xylonic acid accumulation: a cornerstone for better metabolic engineering approaches. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105, 5309–5324 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11410-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11410-y