Abstract
The d-xylose oxidative pathway (XOP) has recently been employed in several recombinant microorganisms for growth or for the production of several valuable compounds. The XOP is initiated by d-xylose oxidation to d-xylonolactone, which is then hydrolyzed into d-xylonic acid. d-Xylonic acid is then dehydrated to form 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-xylonic acid, which may be further dehydrated then oxidized into α-ketoglutarate or undergo aldol cleavage to form pyruvate and glycolaldehyde. This review introduces a brief discussion about XOP and its discovery in bacteria and archaea, such as Caulobacter crescentus and Haloferax volcanii. Furthermore, the current advances in the metabolic engineering of recombinant strains employing the XOP are discussed. This includes utilization of XOP for the production of diols, triols, and short-chain organic acids in Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Improving the d-xylose uptake, growth yields, and product titer through several metabolic engineering techniques bring some of these recombinant strains close to industrial viability. However, more developments are still needed to optimize the XOP pathway in the host strains, particularly in the minimization of by-product formation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andberg M, Aro-Kärkkäinen N, Carlson P, Oja M, Bozonnet S, Toivari M, Hakulinen N, O'Donohue M, Penttilä M, Koivula A (2016) Characterization and mutagenesis of two novel iron-sulphur cluster pentonate dehydratases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 100:7549–7563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7530-8
Archer RM, Royer SF, Mahy W, Winn CL, Danson MJ, Bull SD (2013) Syntheses of 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-xylonate and 2-keto-3-deoxy-L-arabinonate as stereochemical probes for demonstrating the metabolic promiscuity of Sulfolobus solfataricus towards D-xylose and L-arabinose. Chemistry 19:2895–2902. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201203489
Atsumi S, Wu T-Y, Eckl E-M, Hawkins SD, Buelter T, Liao JC (2010) Engineering the isobutanol biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli by comparison of three aldehyde reductase/alcohol dehydrogenase genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85:651–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2085-6
Baliga NS, Bonneau R, Facciotti MT, Pan M, Glusman G, Deutsch EW, Shannon P, Chiu Y, Weng RS, Gan RR, Hung P, Date SV, Marcotte E, Hood L, Ng WV (2004) Genome sequence of Haloarcula marismortui: a halophilic archaeon from the Dead Sea. Genome Res 14:2221–2234. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.2700304
Bar-Even A, Flamholz A, Noor E, Milo R (2012) Rethinking glycolysis: on the biochemical logic of metabolic pathways. Nat Chem Biol 8:509–517. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.971
Berghäll S, Hilditch S, Penttilä M, Richard P (2007) Identification in the mould Hypocrea jecorina of a gene encoding an NADP+: D-xylose dehydrogenase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 277:249–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00969.x
Bettiga M, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Gorwa-Grauslund MF (2008) Comparing the xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase and xylose isomerase pathways in arabinose and xylose fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Biotechnol Biofuels 1:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-1-16
Blaschek HP, Ezeji T, Price ND (2010) Present and future possibilities for the deconstruction and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass. In: Khanna M, Scheffran J, Zilberman D (eds) Handbook of bioenergy economics and policy. Springer, New York, NY, pp 39–51
Brouns SJJ, Walther J, Snijders APL, van de Werken HJG, Willemen HLDM, Worm P, de Vos MGJ, Andersson A, Lundgren M, Mazon HFM, van den Heuvel RHH, Nilsson P, Salmon L, de Vos WM, Wright PC, Bernander R, van der Oost J (2006) Identification of the missing links in prokaryotic pentose oxidation pathways: evidence for enzyme recruitment. J Biol Chem 281:27378–27388. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M605549200
Brüsseler C, Radek A, Tenhaef N, Krumbach K, Noack S, Marienhagen J (2018) The myo-inositol/proton symporter IolT1 contributes to D-xylose uptake in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Bioresour Technol 249:953–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.098
Buchert J, Viikari L (1988) Oxidative D-xylose metabolism of Gluconobacter oxydans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 29:375–379. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00265822
Cabulong RB, Lee W-K, Bañares AB, Ramos KRM, Nisola GM, Valdehuesa KNG, Chung W-J (2018) Engineering Escherichia coli for glycolic acid production from D-xylose through the Dahms pathway and glyoxylate bypass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:2179–2189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-8744-8
Cabulong RB, Valdehuesa KNG, Ramos KRM, Nisola GM, Lee W-K, Lee CR, Chung W-J (2017) Enhanced yield of ethylene glycol production from D-xylose by pathway optimization in Escherichia coli. Enzym Microb Technol 97:11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.020
Cao Y, Niu W, Guo J, Xian M, Liu H (2015) Biotechnological production of 1,2,4-butanetriol: an efficient process to synthesize energetic material precursor from renewable biomass. Sci Rep 5:18149. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18149
Cao Y, Xian M, Zou H, Zhang H (2013) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of xylonate. PLoS One 8:e67305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067305
Carter AT, Pearson BM, Dickinson JR, Lancashire WE (1993) Sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 edd and eda genes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Gene 130:155–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(93)90362-7
Cheng JJ, Timilsina GR (2011) Status and barriers of advanced biofuel technologies: a review. Renew Energy 36:3541–3549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.04.031
Dahms AS (1974) 3-Deoxy-D-pentulosonic acid aldolase and its role in a new pathway of D-xylose degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 60:1433–1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(74)90358-1
Danson MJ, Lamble HJ, Hough DW (2007) Central metabolism. In: Cavicchioli R (ed) Archaea. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 260–287
Dumon C, Song L, Bozonnet S, Fauré R, O’Donohue MJ (2012) Progress and future prospects for pentose-specific biocatalysts in biorefining. Process Biochem 47:346–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.06.017
Flamholz A, Noor E, Bar-Even A, Milo R (2012) eQuilibrator—the biochemical thermodynamics calculator. Nucl Acids Res 40:D770–D775. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr874
Gao H, Gao Y, Dong R (2017) Enhanced biosynthesis of 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid by engineered Escherichia coli in a dual-substrate system. Bioresour Technol 245:794–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.017
Hottes AK, Meewan M, Yang D, Arana N, Romero P, McAdams HH, Stephens C (2004) Transcriptional profiling of Caulobacter crescentus during growth on complex and minimal media. J Bacteriol 186:1448–1461. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.5.1448-1461.2004
Jiang Y, Liu W, Cheng T, Cao Y, Zhang R, Xian M (2015) Characterization of D-xylonate dehydratase YjhG from Escherichia coli. Bioeng 6:227–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2015.1040208
Johnsen U, Dambeck M, Zaiß H, Fuhrer T, Soppa J, Sauer U, Schönheit P (2009) D-xylose degradation pathway in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. J Biol Chem 284:27290–27303. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.003814
Johnsen U, Schönheit P (2004) Novel xylose dehydrogenase in the halophilic archaeon Haloarcula marismortui. J Bacteriol 186:6198–6207. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.18.6198-6207.2004
Johnsen U, Sutter J-M, Schulz A-C, Tästensen J-B, Schönheit P (2015) XacR—a novel transcriptional regulator of D-xylose and L-arabinose catabolism in the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii. Environ Microbiol 17:1663–1676. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12603
Johnsen U, Sutter J-M, Zaiß H, Schönheit P (2013) L-Arabinose degradation pathway in the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii involves a novel type of L-arabinose dehydrogenase. Extremophiles 17:897–909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-013-0572-2
Karhumaa K, Garcia Sanchez R, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Gorwa-Grauslund MF (2007) Comparison of the xylose reductase-xylitol dehydrogenase and the xylose isomerase pathways for xylose fermentation by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Factories 6(5):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-6-5
Karhumaa K, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Gorwa-Grauslund MF (2005) Investigation of limiting metabolic steps in the utilization of xylose by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae using metabolic engineering. Yeast 22:359–368. https://doi.org/10.1002/yea.1216
Kobayashi H, Fukuoka A (2013) Synthesis and utilisation of sugar compounds derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Green Chem 15:1740–1763. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc00060e
Köhler KAK, Blank LM, Frick O, Schmid A (2015) D-Xylose assimilation via the Weimberg pathway by solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. Environ Microbiol 17:156–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12537
Kumánovics A, Chen OS, Li L, Bagley D, Adkins EM, Lin H, Dingra NN, Outten CE, Keller G, Winge D, Ward DM, Kaplan J (2008) Identification of FRA1 and FRA2 as genes involved in regulating the yeast iron regulon in response to decreased mitochondrial iron-sulfur cluster synthesis. J Biol Chem 283:10276–10286. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M801160200
Lamble HJ, Heyer NI, Bull SD, Hough DW, Danson MJ (2003) Metabolic pathway promiscuity in the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus revealed by studies on glucose dehydrogenase and 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase. J Biol Chem 278:34066–34072. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M305818200
Liu H, Lu T (2015) Autonomous production of 1,4-butanediol via a de novo biosynthesis pathway in engineered Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 29:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2015.03.009
Liu H, Ramos KRM, Valdehuesa KNG, Nisola GM, Lee W-K, Chung W-J (2013) Biosynthesis of ethylene glycol in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:3409–3417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4618-7
Liu H, Valdehuesa KNG, Nisola GM, Ramos KRM, Chung W-J (2012) High yield production of D-xylonic acid from D-xylose using engineered Escherichia coli. Bioresour Technol 115:244–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.065
Liu M, Ding Y, Xian M, Zhao G (2018) Metabolic engineering of a xylose pathway for biotechnological production of glycolate in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Factories 17:51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-018-0900-4
Lockwood LB, Nelson GE (1946) The oxidation of pentoses by Pseudomonas. J Bacteriol 52:581–586
Lu X, He S, Zong H, Song J, Chen W, Zhuge B (2016) Improved 1,2,4-butanetriol production from an engineered Escherichia coli by co-expression of different chaperone proteins. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 32:149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-016-2085-5
Manicka S, Peleg Y, Unger T, Albeck S, Dym O, Greenblatt HM, Bourenkov G, Lamzin V, Krishnaswamy S, Sussman JL (2008) Crystal structure of YagE, a putative DHDPS-like protein from Escherichia coli K12. Proteins 71:2102–2108. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.22023
Matsushika A, Inoue H, Kodaki T, Sawayama S (2009) Ethanol production from xylose in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 84:37–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2101-x
Meijnen J-P, de Winde JH, Ruijssenaars HJ (2009) Establishment of oxidative D-xylose metabolism in Pseudomonas putida S12. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:2784–2791. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02713-08
Meijnen J-P, de Winde JH, Ruijssenaars HJ (2012) Metabolic and regulatory rearrangements underlying efficient D-xylose utilization in engineered Pseudomonas putida S12. J Biol Chem 287:14606–14614. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.337501
Meisenzahl AC, Shapiro L, Jenal U (1997) Isolation and characterization of a xylose-dependent promoter from Caulobacter crescentus. J Bacteriol 179:592–600
Mihasan M, Stefan M, Hritcu L, Artenie V, Brandsch R (2013) Evidence of a plasmid-encoded oxidative xylose-catabolic pathway in Arthrobacter nicotinovorans pAO1. Res Microbiol 164:22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2012.10.003
Milanesio P, Arce-Rodríguez A, Muñoz A, Calles B, de Lorenzo V (2011) Regulatory exaptation of the catabolite repression protein (Crp)-cAMP system in Pseudomonas putida. Environ Microbiol 13:324–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02331.x
Naik SN, Goud VV, Rout PK, Dalai AK (2010) Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 14:578–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003
Nakamura CE, Whited GM (2003) Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14:454–459
Nierman WC, Feldblyum TV, Laub MT, Paulsen IT, Nelson KE, Eisen JA, Heidelberg JF, Alley MR, Ohta N, Maddock JR, Potocka I, Nelson WC, Newton A, Stephens C, Phadke ND, Ely B, DeBoy RT, Dodson RJ, Durkin AS, Gwinn ML, Haft DH, Kolonay JF, Smit J, Craven MB, Khouri H, Shetty J, Berry K, Utterback T, Tran K, Wolf A, Vamathevan J, Ermolaeva M, White O, Salzberg SL, Venter JC, Shapiro L, Fraser CM, Eisen J (2001) Complete genome sequence of Caulobacter crescentus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:4136–4141. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.061029298
Niu W, Molefe MN, Frost JW (2003) Microbial synthesis of the energetic material precursor 1,2,4-butanetriol. J Am Chem Soc. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja036391
Nunn CEM, Johnsen U, Schonheit P, Fuhrer T, Sauer U, Hough DW, Danson MJ (2010) Metabolism of pentose sugars in the hyperthermophilic archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. J Biol Chem 285:33701–33709. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.146332
Nygård Y, Maaheimo H, Mojzita D, Toivari M, Wiebe M, Resnekov O, Gustavo Pesce C, Ruohonen L, Penttilä M (2014) Single cell and in vivo analyses elucidate the effect of xylC lactonase during production of D-xylonate in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 25:238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2014.07.005
Rabinovitch-Deere CA, Oliver JWK, Rodriguez GM, Atsumi S (2013) Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches to produce biofuels. Chem Rev 113:4611–4632. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300361t
Radek A, Krumbach K, Gätgens J, Wendisch VF, Wiechert W, Bott M, Noack S, Marienhagen J (2014) Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for minimized carbon loss during utilization of D-xylose containing substrates. J Biotechnol 192 Pt A 192:156–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.09.026
Radek A, Müller M-F, Gätgens J, Eggeling L, Krumbach K, Marienhagen J, Noack S (2016) Formation of xylitol and xylitol-5-phosphate and its impact in growth of D-xylose-utilizing Corynebacterium glutamicum strains. J Biotechnol 231:160–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.06.009
Radek A, Tenhaef N, Müller MF, Brüsseler C, Wiechert W, Marienhagen J, Polen T, Noack S (2017) Miniaturized and automated adaptive laboratory evolution: evolving Corynebacterium glutamicum towards an improved D-xylose utilization. Bioresour Technol 245:1377–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.055
Rahman MM, Andberg M, Koivula A, Rouvinen J, Hakulinen N (2016) Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of an L-arabinonate dehydratase from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and a D-xylonate dehydratase from Caulobacter crescentus. Acta Cryst 72:604–608. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053230X16010311
Rahman MM, Andberg M, Koivula A, Rouvinen J, Hakulinen N (2018) The crystal structure of D-xylonate dehydratase reveals functional features of enzymes from the Ilv/ED dehydratase family. Sci Rep 8:865. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19192-6
Rossoni L, Carr R, Baxter S, Cortis R, Thorpe T, Eastham G, Stephens G (2018) Engineering Escherichia coli to grow constitutively on D-xylose using the carbon-efficient Weimberg pathway. Microbiol 164:287–298. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000611
Salusjärvi L, Toivari M, Vehkomäki M-L, Koivistoinen O, Mojzita D, Niemelä K, Penttilä M, Ruohonen L (2017) Production of ethylene glycol or glycolic acid from D-xylose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 14:127–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8547-3
Shimada T, Momiyama E, Yamanaka Y, Watanabe H, Yamamoto K, Ishihama A (2017) Regulatory role of XynR (YagI) in catabolism of xylonate in Escherichia coli K-12. FEMS Microbiol Lett 364:2926. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnx220
Shimada T, Ogasawara H, Ishihama A (2018) Single-target regulators form a minor group of transcription factors in Escherichia coli K-12. Nucl Acids Res 34:gky138. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky138
Singh A, Nigam PS, Murphy JD (2011) Renewable fuels from algae: an answer to debatable land based fuels. Bioresour Technol 102:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.032
Stephens C, Christen B, Fuchs T, Sundaram V, Watanabe K, Jenal U (2007a) Genetic analysis of a novel pathway for D-xylose metabolism in Caulobacter crescentus. J Bacteriol 189:2181–2185. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01438-06
Stephens C, Christen B, Watanabe K, Fuchs T, Jenal U (2007b) Regulation of D-xylose metabolism in Caulobacter crescentus by a LacI-type repressor. J Bacteriol 189:8828–8834. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01342-07
Sun L, Yang F, Sun H, Zhu T, Li X, Li Y, Xu Z, Zhang Y (2016) Synthetic pathway optimization for improved 1,2,4-butanetriol production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 43:67–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-015-1693-7
Suzuki T, Onishi H (1973) Oxidation and reduction of D-xylose by cell-free extract of Pichia quercuum. Appl Microbiol 25:850–852
Tai Y-S, Xiong M, Jambunathan P, Wang J, Wang J, Stapleton C, Zhang K (2016) Engineering nonphosphorylative metabolism to generate lignocellulose-derived products. Nat Chem Biol 12:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2020
Toivari M, Nygård Y, Kumpula E-P, Vehkomäki M-L, Benčina M, Valkonen M, Maaheimo H, Andberg M, Koivula A, Ruohonen L, Penttilä M, Wiebe MG (2012) Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioconversion of D-xylose to D-xylonate. Metab Eng 14:427–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2012.03.002
Toivari M, Vehkomäki M-L, Nygård Y, Penttilä M, Ruohonen L, Wiebe MG (2013) Low pH D-xylonate production with Pichia kudriavzevii. Bioresour Technol 133:555–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.157
Toivari MH, Ruohonen L, Richard P, Penttilä M, Wiebe MG (2010) Saccharomyces cerevisiae engineered to produce D-xylonate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 88:751–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2787-9
Valdehuesa KNG, Lee W-K, Ramos KRM, Cabulong RB, Choi J, Liu H, Nisola GM, Chung W-J (2015) Identification of aldehyde reductase catalyzing the terminal step for conversion of xylose to butanetriol in engineered Escherichia coli. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 38:1761–1772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-015-1417-4
Valdehuesa KNG, Liu H, Ramos KRM, Park SJ, Nisola GM, Lee W-K, Chung W-J (2014) Direct bioconversion of D-xylose to 1,2,4-butanetriol in an engineered Escherichia coli. Process Biochem 49:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2013.10.002
Wang J, Jain R, Shen X, Sun X, Cheng M, Liao JC, Yuan Q, Yan Y (2017a) Rational engineering of diol dehydratase enables 1,4-butanediol biosynthesis from xylose. Metab Eng 40:148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2017.02.003
Wang J, Shen X, Jain R, Wang J, Yuan Q, Yan Y (2017b) Establishing a novel biosynthetic pathway for the production of 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid from xylose in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 41:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2017.03.003
Wang X, Xu N, Hu S, Yang J, Gao Q, Xu S, Chen K, Ouyang P (2018) D-1,2,4-Butanetriol production from renewable biomass with optimization of synthetic pathway in engineered Escherichia coli. Bioresour Technol 250:406–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.062
Wasserstrom L, Portugal-Nunes D, Almqvist H, Sandström AG, Lidén G, Gorwa-Grauslund MF (2018) Exploring D-xylose oxidation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the Weimberg pathway. AMB Express 8:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-018-0564-9
Watanabe S, Kodaki T, Kodak T, Makino K (2006a) Cloning, expression, and characterization of bacterial L-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase involved in an alternative pathway of L-arabinose metabolism. J Biol Chem 281:2612–2623. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M506477200
Watanabe S, Kodaki T, Makino K (2006b) A novel ⍺-ketoglutaric semialdehyde dehydrogenase: evolutionary insight into an alternative pathway of bacterial L-arabinose metabolism. J Biol Chem 281:28876–28888. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M602585200
Watanabe S, Shimada N, Tajima K, Kodaki T, Makino K (2006c) Identification and characterization of L-arabonate dehydratase, L-2-keto-3-deoxyarabonate dehydratase, and L-arabinolactonase involved in an alternative pathway of L-arabinose metabolism: novel evolutionary insight into sugar metabolism. J Biol Chem 281:33521–33536. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M606727200
Weimberg R (1961) Pentose oxidation by Pseudomonas fragi. J Biol Chem 236:629–635
Yim H, Haselbeck R, Niu W, Pujol-Baxley C, Burgard A, Boldt J, Khandurina J, Trawick JD, Osterhout RE, Stephen R, Estadilla J, Teisan S, Schreyer HB, Andrae S, Yang TH, Lee SY, Burk MJ, Van Dien S (2011) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for direct production of 1,4-butanediol. Nat Chem Biol 7:445–452. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.580
Yim SS, Choi JW, Lee SH, Jeon EJ, Chung W-J, Jeong KJ (2017) Engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for consolidated conversion of hemicellulosic biomass into xylonic acid. Biotechnol J 96:1700040. https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201700040
Zhang M, Wei L, Zhou Y, Du L, Imanaka T, Hua Q (2013) Genetic analysis of D-xylose metabolism pathways in Gluconobacter oxydans 621H. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 40:379–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-013-1231-4
Zhang N, Wang J, Zhang Y, Gao H (2016) Metabolic pathway optimization for biosynthesis of 1,2,4-butanetriol from xylose by engineered Escherichia coli. Enzym Microb Technol 93-94:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.07.007
Zhao A, Hu X, Wang X (2017) Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid using xylose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:3587–3603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8162-3
Funding
This work was supported by Korea Research Fellowship Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2015H1D3A1062172 and 2016R1C1B1013252) and by the Ministry of Education (No. 2018R1D1A1B07043993 and No. 2009-0093816).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Valdehuesa, K.N.G., Ramos, K.R.M., Nisola, G.M. et al. Everyone loves an underdog: metabolic engineering of the xylose oxidative pathway in recombinant microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102, 7703–7716 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9186-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9186-z