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Evolutionary Dynamics of the 5S rDNA Gene Family in the Mussel Mytilus: Mixed Effects of Birth-and-Death and Concerted Evolution

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Abstract

In higher eukaryotes, the gene family encoding the 5S ribosomal RNA (5S rRNA) has been used (together with histones) to showcase the archetypal example of a gene family subject to concerted evolution. However, recent studies have revealed conspicuous features challenging the predictions of this model, including heterogeneity of repeat units, the presence of functional 5S gene variants as well as the existence of 5S rDNA divergent pseudogenes lacking traces of homogenization. In the present work, we have broadened the scope in the evolutionary study of ribosomal gene families by studying the 5S rRNA family in mussels, a model organism which stands out among other animals due to the heterogeneity it displays regarding sequence and organization. To this end, 48 previously unknown 5S rDNA units (coding and spacer regions) were sequenced in five mussel species, leading to the characterization of two new types of units (referred to here as small-β 5S rDNA and γ-5S rDNA) coexisting in the genome with α and β rDNA units. The intense genetic dynamics of this family is further supported by the first description of an association between γ-5S rDNA units and tRNA genes. Molecular evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses revealed an extensive lack of homology among spacer sequences belonging to different rDNA types, suggesting the presence of independent evolutionary pathways leading to their differentiation. Overall, our results suggest that the long-term evolution of the 5S rRNA gene family in mussels is most likely mediated by a mixed mechanism involving the generation of genetic diversity through birth-and-death, followed by a process of local homogenization resulting from concerted evolution in order to maintain the genetic identities of the different 5S units, probably after their transposition to independent chromosomal locations.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant within the Ramon y Cajal Subprogramme (MICINN, Spanish Government) awarded to JME-L. RF was supported by an Isabel Barreto contract from the Xunta de Galicia (SPAIN).

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  1. XENOMAR Group, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain

    Ruth Freire, Alberto Arias, Ana M. Ínsua, Josefina Méndez & José M. Eirín-López

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  1. Ruth Freire
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  2. Alberto Arias
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Correspondence to José M. Eirín-López.

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Freire, R., Arias, A., Ínsua, A.M. et al. Evolutionary Dynamics of the 5S rDNA Gene Family in the Mussel Mytilus: Mixed Effects of Birth-and-Death and Concerted Evolution. J Mol Evol 70, 413–426 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-010-9341-3

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