Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are marketed worldwide as legal surrogates for marihuana. In order to predict potential health effects in consumers and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action, we investigated the impact of a representative of the cyclohexylphenols, CP47,497-C8, which binds to both cannabinoid receptors, on protein expression patterns, genomic stability and on induction of inflammatory cytokines in human lymphocytes. After treatment of the cells with the drug, we found pronounced up-regulation of a variety of enzymes in nuclear extracts which are involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory signaling; some of the identified proteins are also involved in the endogenous synthesis of endocannabinoids. The assumption that the drug causes inflammation is further supported by results obtained in additional experiments with cytosols of LPS-stimulated lymphocytes which showed that the SC induces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL12p40 and IL-6) as well as TNF-α. Furthermore, the proteome analyses revealed that the drug causes down-regulation of proteins which are involved in DNA repair. This observation provides an explanation for the formation of comets which was seen in single-cell gel electrophoresis assays and for the induction of micronuclei (which reflect structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations) by the drug. These effects were seen in experiments with human lymphocytes which were conducted under identical conditions as the proteome analysis. Taken together, the present findings indicate that the drug (and possibly other structurally related SCs) may cause DNA damage and inflammation in directly exposed cells of consumers.
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Abbreviations
- B(a)P:
-
Benzo(a)pyrene
- BSA:
-
Bovine serum albumin
- CBs:
-
Cannabinoid receptors
- DDT:
-
Dithiothreitol
- IAA:
-
Iodacetamide
- FDR:
-
False discovery rate
- GC–MS:
-
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- 1H NMR:
-
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance
- LC–MS:
-
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- LFQ:
-
Label-free quantification
- MNi:
-
Micronuclei
- Nbuds:
-
Nuclear buds
- NDI:
-
Nuclear division indices
- NPBs:
-
Nucleoplasmatic bridges
- PAGE:
-
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- PBMCs:
-
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PHA:
-
Phytohemagglutinin
- SCs:
-
Synthetic cannabinoids
- SCGE:
-
Single-cell gel electrophoresis
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- THC:
-
Tetrahydrocannabinol
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Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the EU Commission in the frame of the coordinated Project “SPICE and synthetic cannabinoids” (JUST/2009/DPIP/AG/0948).
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Bileck, A., Ferk, F., Al-Serori, H. et al. Impact of a synthetic cannabinoid (CP-47,497-C8) on protein expression in human cells: evidence for induction of inflammation and DNA damage. Arch Toxicol 90, 1369–1382 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1569-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-015-1569-7