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Deciphering the genetics of flowering time by an association study on candidate genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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Abstract

Earliness is very important for the adaptation of wheat to environmental conditions and the achievement of high grain yield. A detailed knowledge of key genetic components of the life cycle would enable an easier control by the breeders. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of candidate genes on flowering time. Using a collection of hexaploid wheat composed of 235 lines from diverse geographical origins, we conducted an association study for six candidate genes for flowering time and its components (vernalization sensitivity and earliness per se). The effect on the variation of earliness components of polymorphisms within the copies of each gene was tested in ANOVA models accounting for the underlying genetic structure. The collection was structured in five groups that minimized the residual covariance. Vernalization requirement and lateness tend to increase according to the mean latitude of each group. Heading date for an autumnal sowing was mainly determined by the earliness per se. Except for the Constans (CO) gene orthologous of the barley HvCO3, all gene polymorphisms had a significant impact on earliness components. The three traits used to quantify vernalization requirement were primarily associated with polymorphisms at Vrn-1 and then at Vrn-3 and Luminidependens (LD) genes. We found a good correspondence between spring/winter types and genotypes at the three homeologous copies of Vrn-1. Earliness per se was mainly explained by polymorphisms at Vrn-3 and to a lesser extent at Vrn-1, Hd-1 and Gigantea (GI) genes. Vernalization requirement and earliness as a function of geographical origin, as well as the possible role of the breeding practices in the geographical distribution of the alleles and the hypothetical adaptive value of the candidate genes, are discussed.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Céline Ridel, Marie-Thérèse Marcombe, Nathalie Galic and Séverine Rougeol for their technical assistance, and Stéphane Rousset for his help in reviewing the English writing. This work was partly supported by a Génoplante project entitled “Génoplante B9 Précocité de Floraison” and a French German Gabi-Génoplante project entitled “Bridging genomics and genetic diversity: associations between gene polymorphism and trait variation in cereals”.

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  1. UMR de Génétique Végétale, INRA/CNRS/AgroParisTech/Univ. Paris XI, Ferme du Moulon, 91190, Gif sur Yvette, France

    Michel Rousset, Isabelle Bonnin, Carine Remoué, Matthieu Falque, Bénédicte Rhoné, Jean-Baptiste Veyrieras, Delphine Madur & Isabelle Goldringer

  2. Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB) 195 rue Saint Jacques, 75005, Paris, France

    Isabelle Bonnin

  3. UMR Génétique, Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales, INRA/UBP, 234 Avenue du Brézet, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    François Balfourier & Jacques Le Gouis

  4. UMR Diversité et Génomes des Plantes Cultivées, INRA Domaine de Melgueil, 34130, Mauguio, France

    Sylvain Santoni

  5. Biogemma 8 Rue des Frères Lumière, 63028, Clermont Ferrand Cedex 2, France

    Alain Murigneux

  6. Limagrain Europe ZAC Les Portes de Riom BP 173, 63720, Chappes, France

    Alain Murigneux

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  1. Michel Rousset
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Communicated by J. Dubcovsky.

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Supplementary material 1 (DOC 1373 kb)

122_2011_1636_MOESM2_ESM.ppt

Figure supplementary S1: Bread wheat core collection 235 structure (5 clusters) from genotyping of 82 neutral SSRs (PPT 2159 kb)

122_2011_1636_MOESM3_ESM.ppt

Figure supplementary S2: Heading date in the field and earliness per se. Correlation between Hdfield and HdV8 (PPT 834 kb)

Supplementary material 4 (DOC 49 kb)

122_2011_1636_MOESM5_ESM.ppt

Figure supplementary S3: Projection of accessions on two first axis of factorial analysis based on 82 markers; 1 = central Asian cluster; 2 = northwest European cluster; 3 = South American + African cluster; 4 = Mediterranean cluster;5 = southeast European + North American cluster (PPT 85 kb)

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Rousset, M., Bonnin, I., Remoué, C. et al. Deciphering the genetics of flowering time by an association study on candidate genes in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 123, 907–926 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1636-2

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