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The ant genomes have been invaded by several types of mariner transposable elements

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Abstract

To date, only three types of full-length mariner elements have been described in ants, each one in a different genus of the Myrmicinae subfamily: Sinvmar was isolated from various Solenopsis species, Myrmar from Myrmica ruginodis, and Mboumar from Messor bouvieri. In this study, we report the coexistence of three mariner elements (Tnigmar-Si, Tnigmar-Mr, and Tnigmar-Mb) in the genome of a single species, Tapinoma nigerrimum (subfamily Dolichoderinae). Molecular evolutionary analyses of the nucleotide sequence data revealed a general agreement between the evolutionary history of most the elements and the ant species that harbour them, and suggest that they are at the vertical inactivation stage of the so-called Mariner Life Cycle. In contrast, significantly reduced levels of synonymous divergence between Mboumar and Tnigmar-Mb and between Myrmar and Botmar (a mariner element isolated from Bombus terrestris), relative to those observed between their hosts, suggest that these elements arrived to the species that host them by horizontal transfer, long after the species’ split. The horizontal transfer events for the two pairs of elements could be roughly dated within the last 2 million years and about 14 million years, respectively. As would be expected under this scenario, the coding sequences of the youngest elements, Tnigmar-Mb and Mboumar, are intact and, thus, potentially functional. Each mariner element has a different chromosomal distribution pattern according to their stage within the Mariner Life Cycle. Finally, a new defective transposable element (Azteca) has also been found inserted into the Tnigmar-Mr sequences showing that the ant genomes have been invaded by at least four different types of mariner elements.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Dale K. Pollet (Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA) for providing us samples of Solenopsis invicta. We are also grateful to Alain Lenoir (Université François Rabelais, Tours, France) for providing us samples of Myrmica ruginodis. This work was supported by the Spanish Junta de Andalucía (through the programs “Ayudas a Grupos de Investigación”, Group BIO220 and “Incentivos a proyectos de investigación de excelencia”, project CVI-6807, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund), by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación e Innovación (through project CGL2011-23841, co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund) and by the University of Jaén (through the program “Programa propio de ayudas para la realización de proyectos de investigación”, UJA-08-16-03).

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  1. Departamento de Biología Experimental, Área de Genética, Universidad de Jaén, 23071, Jaén, Spain

    Pedro Lorite, Olivia Sanllorente, María I. Torres & Teresa Palomeque

  2. Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica e Ciencias Forenses, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

    Xulio Maside

  3. Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, U.F.R des Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France

    Georges Periquet

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  1. Pedro Lorite
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  2. Xulio Maside
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Correspondence to Teresa Palomeque.

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Communicated by: Sven Thatje

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Lorite, P., Maside, X., Sanllorente, O. et al. The ant genomes have been invaded by several types of mariner transposable elements. Naturwissenschaften 99, 1007–1020 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-012-0982-5

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