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Taking a bite out of spinal cord injury: do dental stem cells have the teeth for it?

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Abstract

Dental stem cells are an emerging star on a stage that is already quite populated. Recently, there has been a lot of hype concerning these cells in dental therapies, especially in regenerative endodontics. It is fitting that most research is concentrated on dental regeneration, although other uses for these cells need to be explored in more detail. Being a true mesenchymal stem cell, their capacities could also prove beneficial in areas outside their natural environment. One such field is the central nervous system, and in particular, repairing the injured spinal cord. One of the most formidable challenges in regenerative medicine is to restore function to the injured spinal cord, and as yet, a cure for paralysis remains to be discovered. A variety of approaches have already been tested, with graft-based strategies utilising cells harbouring appropriate properties for neural regeneration showing encouraging results. Here we present a review focusing on properties of dental stem cells that endorse their use in regenerative medicine, with particular emphasis on repairing the damaged spinal cord.

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Abbreviations

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

ADSC:

Adipose derived stem cell

BBB:

Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale

BDNF:

Brain-derived growth factor

BMSC:

Bone marrow derived stem cell

CM:

Conditioned medium

CNS:

Central nervous system

CNTF:

Ciliary-derived neurotrophic factor

CST:

Corticospinal tract

CXCR:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor

DFSC:

Dental follicle stem cell

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DPSC:

Dental pulp stem cell

DSC:

Dental stem cell

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

ESC:

Embryonic stem cell

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

FGF2 :

Basic fibroblast growth factor

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GDNF:

Glial-derived neurotrophic factor

GF:

Growth factor

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GMSC:

Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

IDO:

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

IFN-γ:

Interferon gamma

IGF-I:

Insulin-like growth factor I

IL:

Interleukin

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cell

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

MSC:

Mesenchymal stem cell

NC:

Neural crest

NF:

Neurotrophic factor

NSC:

Neural stem cell

NT:

Neurotrophin

NT3:

Neurotrophin 3

NT4/5:

Neurotrophin 4/5

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

OEC:

Olfactory ensheathing cell

OMSC:

Oral mucosa stem cell

OPC:

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell

p75NTR :

p75 neurotrophin receptor

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

PDGF:

Platelet derived growth factor

PDLSC:

Periodontal ligament stem cell

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

RGC:

Retinal ganglion cell

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SC:

Schwann cell

SCAP:

Stem cells from the apical papilla

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

SDF-1:

Chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12)

SHED:

Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

TGPC:

Tooth germ progenitor cell

Th17:

Myelin-reactive IL-17 T helper cell

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF:

Tumour necrosis factor

Trk:

Tropomyosin receptor kinase

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgments

The authors are recipients of subsidies from the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and the Fonds Spéciaux de Recherche Scientifique (FSR, UCL). Supported by European Regional Development Fund—Project FNUSA-ICRC (No. CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0123) and by the project ICRC-ERA-HumanBridge (No. 316345) funded by the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union.

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  1. Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium

    John Bianco, Pauline De Berdt & Anne des Rieux

  2. Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic

    John Bianco

  3. Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium

    Ronald Deumens

  4. Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium

    Anne des Rieux

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Bianco, J., De Berdt, P., Deumens, R. et al. Taking a bite out of spinal cord injury: do dental stem cells have the teeth for it?. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73, 1413–1437 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-2126-5

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