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Adult Craniofacial Stem Cells: Sources and Relation to the Neural Crest

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Abstract

During the process of development, neural crest cells migrate out from their niche between the newly formed ectoderm and the neural tube. Thereafter, they give rise not only to ectodermal cell types, but also to mesodermal cell types. Cell types with neural crest ancestry consequently comprise a number of specialized varieties, such as ectodermal neurons, melanocytes and Schwann cells, as well as mesodermal osteoblasts, adipocytes and smooth muscle cells. Numerous recent studies suggest that stem cells with a neural crest origin persist into adulthood, especially within the mammalian craniofacial compartment. This review discusses the sources of adult neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs) derived from the cranium, as well as their differentiation potential and expression of key stem cell markers. Furthermore, the expression of marker genes associated with embryonic stem cells and the issue of multi- versus pluripotency of adult NCSCs is reviewed. Stringent tests are proposed, which, if performed, are anticipated to clarify the issue of adult NCSC potency. Finally, current pre-clinical and clinical data are discussed in light of the clinical impact of adult NCSCs.

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Acknowledgments

Work described herein that was performed in our laboratory was supported by a University of Bielefeld FiF (Förderung Innovativer Forschung) grant to DW, grants of the German Research Council (DFG) to CK, and a grant of the German Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF) to BK (grant number 01GN1006A). We thank Johannes Greiner, Stefan Hauser and Jana Mallah for their critical reading of the manuscript, and Janine Müller for the immucytochemical staining of human inferior turbinate tissue.

Conflict of interest disclosure

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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  1. Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany

    Barbara Kaltschmidt

  2. Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany

    Christian Kaltschmidt & Darius Widera

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  1. Barbara Kaltschmidt
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  2. Christian Kaltschmidt
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  3. Darius Widera
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Correspondence to Darius Widera.

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Kaltschmidt, B., Kaltschmidt, C. & Widera, D. Adult Craniofacial Stem Cells: Sources and Relation to the Neural Crest. Stem Cell Rev and Rep 8, 658–671 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-011-9340-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-011-9340-9

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