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Cellulose II aerogels: a review

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Abstract

Cellulose II aerogels are light-weight, open pores materials with high specific surface area. They are made in the same way as bio-aerogels based on other polysaccharides, via dissolution-(gelation)-solvent exchange-drying with supercritical CO2. Gelation step is often omitted as cellulose allows keeping 3D shape during solvent exchange (which leads to cellulose coagulation) and drying. Drying in supercritical conditions preserves the porosity of “wet” (coagulated) cellulose. There are numerous ways to vary cellulose II aerogel morphology and properties by changing processing conditions and cellulose type. Together with chemical and physical modifications of cellulose and possibility of making hybrid and composite materials (organic–inorganic and organic–organic), it opens up a huge variety of aerogel properties and applications. On one hand, they are similar to those of classical aerogels, i.e. can be used for absorption and adsorption, as catalysts and catalysts support and in electro-chemistry when pyrolysed. On the other hand, because the preparation of cellulose aerogels may not involve any toxic compounds, they can be used in life science applications such as pharma, bio-medical, food and cosmetics. The review makes an overview of results reported in literature on the structure and properties of cellulose II aerogels and their applications. The reader may be surprised finding more questions than answers and clear trends. The review shows that several fundamental questions still remain to be answered and applications to be explored.

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Reprinted from Schestakow M, Karadagli I, Ratke L (2016a) Cellulose aerogels prepared from an aqueous zinc chloride salt hydrate melt. Carbohydr Polym 137:642–649, Copyright 2016, with permission from Elsevier

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Reprinted from Sescousse R, Gavillon R, Budtova T (2011a) Aerocellulose from cellulose–ionic liquid solutions: preparation, properties and comparison with cellulose–NaOH and cellulose–NMMO routes. Carbohydr Polym 83:1766–1774, Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier

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Adapted with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry, from [Rege A, Schestakow M, Karadagli I, Ratke L, Itskov M (2016) Micro-mechanical modelling of cellulose aerogels from molten salt hydrates. Soft Matter 12:7079–7088, copyright 2016]; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc

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Reprinted from Groult S, Budtova T (2018a) Thermal conductivity/structure correlations in thermal super-insulating pectin aerogels. Carbohydr Polym 196:73–81, Copyright 2018, with permission from Elsevier

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Data are taken from Rudaz (2013), Demilecamps (2015) and Demilecamps et al. (2016)

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Reprinted from Demilecamps A, Alves M, Rigacci A, Reichenauer G, Budtova T (2016) Nanostructured interpenetrated organic-inorganic aerogels with thermal superinsulating properties. J Non Cryst Solids 452:259–265, Copyright 2016, with permission from Elsevier

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Acknowledgments

I would like to devote this review and warmly thank my PhD and Master students and post-doctoral researchers without whom the progress in bio-aerogels in general and this article in particular would not have been possible.

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  1. Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CS 10207, 06904, Sophia Antipolis, France

    Tatiana Budtova

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Budtova, T. Cellulose II aerogels: a review. Cellulose 26, 81–121 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2189-1

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