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Regulation of photorespiration in C3 and C4 species

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Summary

Photorespiration is a light-stimulated oxidation of photosynthesis intermediates to CO2. This process occurs primarily in higher plants which fix CO2 via the C3 pathway of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle). The details of the mechanism of photorespiration are controversial, but glycolic acid metabolism is thought to be involved. Photorespiration appears to be a wasteful process, and net photosynthesis at atmospheric CO2 concentration can be increased by approximately 50% by stopping photorespiration and an associated oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. Since most crop species fix CO2 by the C3 pathway, control of photorespiration represents a major opportunity for increasing crop productivity. Photorespiration is not readily detected in a second group of higher plants, the C4 species. C4 plants have solved the problem of photorespiration through the evolution of a specialized leaf anatomy and compartmented enzyme complement, which act to reduce glycolic acid biosynthesis and to recapture photorespiratory CO2 before it can exit from the leaf. However, breeding experiments indicate that it will be difficult, if not impossible, to transform photorespiratory C3 species into non-photorespiratory C4 species. Control of photorespiration in C3 species will have to be achieved by isolating photorespiratory-deficient mutants of C3 plants or by identifying chemical compounds that specifically inhibit photorespiratory metabolism.

Zusammenfassung

Lichtatmung ist eine durch Licht geförderte Oxydation von Zwischenprodukten der Photosynthese zu CO2. Dieser Prozess spielt sich hauptsächlich in höheren Pflanzen ab, die CO2 über den C3-Weg der Photosynthese fixieren (Calvin Cyclus). Der genaue Mechanismus der Lichtatmung ist umstritten, aber es wird angenommen, dass der Glykolsäure-Stoffwechsel dabei eine Rolle spielt. Die Lichtatmung ist ein unwirtschaftlicher Prozess, und die reine Photosynthese bei atmosphärischen CO2 Konzentrationen kann um etwa 50% erhöht werden, wenn die Lichtatmung und die damit verbundene Sauerstoffhemmung der Photosynthese unterbunden wird. Da die meisten Nutzpflanzen CO2 auf dem C3-Weg fixieren, stellt eine Einschränkung der Lichtatmung eine wichtige Möglichkeit der Erhöhung der Produktivität von Nutzpflanzen dar. Bei einer zweiten Gruppe von höheren Pflanzen, den C4-Arten, kann die Lichtatmung nicht so leicht nachgewiesen werden. C4-Pflanzen haben das Problem der Lichtatmung durch Ausbildung einer speziellen Blattanatomie und eines getrennten Enzym-Komplements gelöst, das die Glykolsäurebiosynthese verringert und das CO2 der Lichtatmung bindet, bevor dieses das Blatt verlässt. Zuchtexperimente haben allerdings gezeigt, dass es schwierig wenn nicht unmöglich sein wird, lichtatmende C3-Arten in nicht lichtatmende C4 -Arten umzuwandeln. Eine Einschränkung der Lichtatmung in C3 -Arten wird durch Isolierung von lichtatmungsarmen Mutanten von C3-Arten erfolgen müssen, oder durch die Identifizierung von chemischen Verbindungen, die den Lichtatmungsstoffwechsel spezifisch hemmen.

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Abbreviations

RuDP:

ribulose-1,5-diphosphate

3-PGA:

3-phosphoglycerate

DHETPP:

1,2-dihydroxyethylthiamine pyrophosphate

TPP:

thiamine pyrophosphate

NADP+ (NADPH):

oxidized (reduced) form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NAD+ (NADH):

oxidized (reduced) form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Pi :

orthophosphate

ADP:

adenosine-5′-diphosphate

ATP:

adenosine-5′-triphosphate

F6P:

fructose-6-phosphate

C1-THFA:

formyltetrahydrofolate

a-HPMS:

α-hydroxy-2-pyridine-methanesulfonate

OAA:

oxaloacetate

PEP:

phospho(enol)pyruvate

MAL:

malate

ASP:

aspartate

PYR:

pyruvate

Ga3P:

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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  1. Central Research Department, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Experimental Station, 19898, Wilmington, Delaware

    Raymond Chollet

  2. United States Regional Soybean Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 61801, Urbana, Illinois

    William L. Ogren

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Chollet, R., Ogren, W.L. Regulation of photorespiration in C3 and C4 species. Bot. Rev 41, 137–179 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860828

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