Summary
The ultrastructural features of human spermiogenesis have been correlated with the light microscopic appearance of spermatids. The development of the acrosome together with the changes in nuclear shape, position, size and chromatin configuration are the most useful criteria for ultrastructural staging of spermiogenesis.
The axial filament develops early in spermiogenesis from the longitudinal centriole and migrates from the acrosomal to the abacrosomal pole of the nucleus to lodge in the articular fossa. The transverse centriole forms a microtubular extension of 2–3 μ which passes through a deficiency in the segmented connecting piece. The latter develops around the centrioles from electron-dense precursors and can be identified at the stage of centriolar migration.
In the region of the principal piece, the ribs of the fibrous sheath develop from microtubules which surround the axial filament. The ribs appear to develop before the two longitudinal columns of the sheath which connect the ribs. The aggregation of mitochondria around the axial filament to form the middle piece occurs late in spermiogenesis and is associated with the loss of a portion of the spermatid cytoplasm as the residual body, a process probably due to the activity of the adjacent Sertoli cells.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afzelius, B.: Electron microscopy of the sperm tail: results obtained with a new fixative. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 5, 269–278 (1959).
Anberg, A.: The ultrastructure of the human spermatozoon. Acta obstet. gynec. scand. 36, Suppl. 2 (1957).
André, J.: Contribution à la connaissance du chondriome. Étude de ses modifications ultrastructurales pendant la spermatogénèse. J. Ultrastruct. Res., Suppl. 3, 1–185 (1962).
Bedford, J. M.: Observations on the fine structure of spermatozoa of the Bush Baby (Galago senegalensis), the African Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and Man. Amer. J. Anat. 121, 443–460 (1967).
Burgos, M. H.: Gonadotrophic control of spermiation. Proc. 3rd Int. Congr. Endocr. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation (in press).
—, and D. W. Fawcett: Studies on the fine structure of the mammalian testis. I. Differentiation of the spermatids in the cat (Felis domestica). J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 1, 287–299 (1955).
—: An electron microscopic study of spermatid differentiation in the toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 2, 223–240 (1956).
—, and R. Vitale-Calpe: The mechanism of spermiation in the toad. Amer. J. Anat. 120, 227–252 (1967).
Cleland, K. W., and Lord Rothschild: The bandicoot spermatozoon: an electron microscope study of the tail. Proc. roy. Soc. B 150, 24–42 (1959).
Clermont, Y.: The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in Man. Amer. J. Anat. 112, 35–51 (1963).
Daoust, R., and Y. Clermont: Distribution of nucleic acids in germ cells during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat. Amer. J. Anat. 96, 255–283 (1955).
Dietert, S. E.: Fine structure of the formation and fate of the residual bodies of mouse spermatozoa with evidence for the participation of lysosomes. J. Morph. 120, 317–346 (1966).
Fawcett, D. W.: The structure of the mammalian spermatozoon. Int. Rev. Cytol. 7, 195–234 (1958).
—: Cilia and Flagella. In: The cell (J. Brachet and A. E. Mirsky, eds.), vol. 2, p. 217–297. New York: Academic Press (1961).
Fawcett, D. W.: The anatomy of the mammalian spermatozoon with particular reference to the Guinea Pig. Z. Zellforsch. 67, 279–296 (1965).
—, and M. H. Burgos: Observations on the cytomorphosis of the germinal cells and interstitial cells of the human testis. Ciba Found. Coll. on Ageing 2, 86–99 (1956).
—, and S. Ito: The fine structure of Bat Spermatozoa. Amer. J. Anat. 116, 567–609 (1965).
Franklin, L. E.: Formation of the redundant nuclear envelope in monkey spermatids. Anat. Rec. 161, 149–162 (1968).
Gardner, P. J.: Fine structure of the seminiferous tubule of the Swiss Mouse. The Spermatid. Anat. Rec. 155, 235–250 (1966).
Gibbons, I. R., and A. V. Grimstone: On flagellar structure of certain flagellates. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 7, 697–716 (1960).
Heller, C. G., and Y. Clermont: Kinetics of the germinal epithelium in man. Recent Progr. Hormone Res. 20, 545–575 (1964).
Horstmann, E.: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Spermiohistogenese beim Menschen. Z. Zellforsch. 54, 68–89 (1961).
Lacy, D.: Light and electron microscopy and its use in the study of factors influencing spermatogenesis in the rat. J. roy. micr. Soc. 79, 209–225 (1960).
- The Sertoli cell and spermatogenesis. Proc. 3rd Int. Congr. Endocr. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation (in press).
Nicander, L.: Development of the fibrous sheath of the mammalian sperm tail. Proc. 5th Int. Congr. Electron Microscopy. M 4. New York: Academic Press 1962.
—, and A. Bane: Fine structure of boar spermatozoa. Z. Zellforsch. 57, 390–405 (1962).
Reynolds, E. S.: The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 17, 208–212 (1963).
Richardson, K. C.: The fine structure of autonomic nerve endings in smooth muscle of the rat vas deferens. J. Anat. (Lond.) 96, 427–442 (1962).
Saacke, R. G., and J. O. Almquist: Ultrastructure of bovine spermatozoa II. The neck and tail of normal ejaculated sperm. Amer. J. Anat. 115, 163–184 (1964).
Sapsford, C. S., C. A. Rae, and K. W. Cleland: Ultrastructural studies on spermatids and Sertoli cells during early spermiogenesis in the Bandicoot Perameles nasuta Geoffroy (Marsupiala). Aust. J. Zool. 15, 881–909 (1967).
Schultz-Larsen, J.: The morphology of the human sperm. Acta path. microbiol. scand., Suppl. 128 (1958).
Sotelo, J. R., and O. Trujillo-Cénoz: Electron microscope study of the kinetic apparatus in animal sperm cells. Z. Zellforsch. 48, 565–601 (1958).
Stefanini, M., C. De Martino, and L. Zamboni: Fixation of ejaculated spermatozoa for electron microscopy. Nature (Lond.) 216, 173–174 (1967).
Vaughn, J. C.: The relationship of the sphere chromatophile to the fate of displaced histones following histone transition in rat spermiogenesis. J. Cell Biol. 31, 257–278 (1966).
Yasuzumi, G.: Spermatogenesis in animals as revealed by electron microscopy. I. Formation of submicroscopic structure of the middle piece of the Albino rat. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 2, 445–449 (1956).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
The biopsies used in this study were obtained through the kindness of Dr. J. Freidin and Dr. A. Long. Thanks are due to Miss S. Ebbott, Miss W. Kemp and to Mr. J. Simmons F.R.P.S. for their help in preparing this manuscript. This study was supported by Grant number 67/1015 from the National and Medical Research Council of Australia.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Kretser, D.M. Ultrastructural features of human spermiogenesis. Z. Zellforsch. 98, 477–505 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00347027
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00347027