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Arsenic Toxicity in Crop Plants: Responses and Remediation Strategies

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Mechanisms of Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants

Abstract

Arsenic (As), a naturally occurring nonessential metalloid, has a potential to affect plant and human health negatively. It enters the environment by mineralization of rocks and by activities of microorganisms that enhance its mobilization. Human interventions have accelerated As concentration in the soil to the levels exceeding the hazardous threshold. As occurs in both organic and inorganic forms, with inorganic form more toxic. Inorganic species comprise of arsenate (As V) and arsenite (As III), where As V is prevalent in aerated soils, while As III occur in anaerobic soils, with As III more toxic and mobile than As V. Once inside the plants, As V is converted into As III with the help of arsenate reductase. Plants exposed to As stress exhibit severe toxic effects on root growth which further decrease nutrient acquisition and disturb metabolic processes. As V is taken by plants’ roots through phosphate transporter (PHT1) and interferes with oxidative phosphorylation. On the other hand, plants uptake As III through aquaporins and hamper enzyme activities by reacting with thiol groups. Various tools have been used by scientists in the last decade for the alleviation of metal stress in plants, among which, use of biological materials such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and silicon amendment has gained importance due to their ability to restrict metalloid uptake. This chapter highlights recent advances concerning (1) As speciation in the environment and their uptake mechanisms, (2) impact of As species on plant growth and metabolism, and (3) use of AM and Si in mitigating As stress.

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  1. Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    Lakita Kashyap & Neera Garg

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  1. Lakita Kashyap
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  2. Neera Garg
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  1. Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Mirza Hasanuzzaman

  2. Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Kamrun Nahar

  3. Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan

    Masayuki Fujita

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Kashyap, L., Garg, N. (2018). Arsenic Toxicity in Crop Plants: Responses and Remediation Strategies. In: Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Fujita, M. (eds) Mechanisms of Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1292-2_6

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