Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Carotenoids as Functional Bioactive Compounds

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

Abstract

Carotenoids are hydrocarbon compound consisting of conjugated double bond system responsible for the red to pink colors found in seeds, fruits and vegetables. Carotenoids are classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of oxygen molecule in their basic structure. They are widely distributed in nature. Their synthesis are via geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate through phytoene, followed by dehydrogenation, desaturation, cyclization, hydroxylation, epoxidation and oxidation. The unique chemical structure of carotenoids has contributed to several of their specific pharmacological activities including anti-aging, anticancer, anti-diabetics, immune modulating, anti-obesity, antioxidants, pro-vitamin, osteo-protective, cardio-protective and hepatoprotective properties. Several health benefits of carotenoids have prompted their inclusion in food and drinks to serve as nutraceutics and nutritional supplements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

Akt/PKB:

Activated tyrosine kinases/protein kinase B

ALBP:

Adipocyte Lipid Binding Protein

AP2:

Adipose protein 2

C/EBPα:

CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha

C/EBPβ:

CCAAT enhancer binding protein beta

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

COX 2:

Cyclooxygenase 2

CPT1B:

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I

ERK1/2:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2

GLUT-4:

Glucose transporter type 4

HbA1c:

Glycated haemoglobin

HDLc:

High density lipoprotein-cholesterol

hsCRP:

High sensitivity C-reactive protein

IL-1:

Interleukin 1

IL-1β:

Interleukin 1beta

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

LDLc:

Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol

LPL:

Lipoprotein lipase

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-kappa B

NO:

Nitric oxide

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PGE2:

Prostaglandin E2

PPARα:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

PPARγ1:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 1

PPREs:

Peroxisome proliferator response elements

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RXR-α:

Retinoid X receptor alpha

sICAM-1:

Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1

sVCAM-1:

Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1

T2D:

Type-2 diabetes

TNF-α:

Tumour necrosis factor alpha

UCP:

Uncoupling protein

WAT:

White adipose tissue

References

  • Aizawa K, Inakuma T (2007) Quantitation of carotenoids in commonly consumed vegetables in Japan. Food Sci Technol Res 13(3):247–252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akbaraly TN, Fontbonne A, Favier A, Berr C (2008) Plasma carotenoids and onset of dysglycemia in an elderly population: results of the epidemiology of vascular ageing study. Diabetes Care 31:1355–1359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrósio CLB, de Arruda Camara e Siqueira Campos F, de Faro ZP (2006) Carotenóides como alternativa contra a hipovitaminose A. Revistade Nutric 19(2):233–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apel W, Bock R (2009) Enhancement of carotenoid biosynthesis in Transplastomic tomatoes by induced Lycopene-to-Provitamin A Conversion1[OA]. Plant Physiol 151:59–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arnlov J, Zethelius B, Riserus U, Basu S, Berne C, Vessby B, Alfthan G, Helmersson J (2009) Serum and dietary-carotene and α-tocopherol and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a community-based study of Swedish men: report from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) study. Diabetologia 52:97–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arunkumar R, Prashanth KVH, Baskaran V (2013) Promising interaction between nanoencapsulated lutein with low molecular weight chitosan: characterization and bioavailability of lutein in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 141(1):327–337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernán MA, Giovannucci E, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC (1999) Relation of consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids to risk for stroke among men in the United States. Ann Intern Med 130(12):963–970

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F (2008) A randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on visual function in healthy eyes. Clin Nutr 27(2):218–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basu HN, Vecchio AJD, Flider F, Orthoefer FT (2001) Nutritional and potential disease prevention properties of carotenoids. JAOCS 78(7):665–675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell JG, McEvoy J, Tocher DR, Sargent JR (2000) Depletion of α-tocopherol and astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects autoxidative defense and fatty acid metabolism. J Nutr 130(7):1800–1808

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhosale P (2004) Environmental and cultural stimulants in the production of carotenoids from microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63:351–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhosale P, Bernstein PS (2005) Microbial xanthophylls. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:445–455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnie TYP, Choo YM (1999) Oxidation and thermal degradation of carotenoids. J Oil Palm Res 2(1):62–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Boon CS, McClements DJ, Weiss J, Decker EA (2010) Factors influencing the chemical stability of carotenoids in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 50(6):515–532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botella-Paviía P, Rodríguez-Concepción M (2006) Carotenoid biotechnology in plants for nutritionally improved foods. Physiol Plant 126(3):369–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brazionis L, Rowley K, Itsiopoulos C, O’Dea K (2009) Plasma carotenoids and diabetic retinopathy. Br J Nutr 101:270–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Britton G, Khachik F (2009) Carotenoid in Food. In: Carotenoids, Nutrition and health, vol 5. Springer, Cham, p 3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brower V (1998) Nutraceuticals: poised for a healthy slice of the healthcare market? Nat Biotechnol 16(8):728

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton-Freeman B, Talbot J, Park E, Krishnankutty S, Edirisinghe I (2012) Protective activity of processed tomato products on postprandial oxidation and inflammation: a clinical trial in healthy weight men and women. Mol Nutr Food Res 56:622–631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrillo-Lopez A, Yahia EM, Ramirez-Padilla GK (2010) Bioconversion of carotenoids in five fruits and vegetables to vitamin A measured by retinol accumulation in rat livers. Am J Agric Biol Sci 5(2):215–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Spiegelhalter DJ, Georgakopoulos D, Robinson J, Deanfield JE (1994) Aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men years before the age-related decline in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 24:471–476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang RCC, Ho YS, Yu MS, So KF (2010) Medicinal and nutraceutical uses of wolfberry in preventing neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Recent Adv Nutr Prev Alzheimer’s Dis 2010:169–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Tappel A (1996) Protection by multiple antioxidants against lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate. Lipids 31:47–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chew PY, Riley L, Graham DL, Rahman K, Lowe GM (2012) Does lycopene offer human LDL any protection against myeloperoxidase activity? Mol Cell Biochem 361:181–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi Y, Lee MK, Lim SY, Sung SH, Kim YC (2009) Inhibition of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-1 by torilin is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases in microglial BV2 cells. Br J Pharmacol 156:933–940

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cui Y, Lu Z, Bai L, Shi Z, Zhao W, Zhao B (2007) β-Carotene induces apoptosis and up-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression and reactive oxygen species production in MCF-7 cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 43:2590–2601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das SK, Hashimoto T, Shimizu K, Yoshida T, Sakai T, Sowa Y, Komoto A, Kanazawa K (2005) Fucoxanthin induces cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in human colon carcinoma cells through up-regulation of p21WAF1/Cip1. Biochim Biophys Acta 1726:328–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das A, Yoon SH, Lee SH, Kim JY, Oh DK, Kim SW (2007) An update on microbial carotenoid production: application of recent metabolic engineering tools. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77:505–512

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das SK, Hashimoto T, Kanazawa K (2008) Growth inhibition of human hepatic carcinoma HepG2 cells by fucoxanthin is associated with down-regulation of cyclin D. Biochim Biophys Acta 1780:743–749

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Quirós ARB, Costa HS (2006) Analysis of carotenoids in vegetable and plasma samples: a review. J Food Compos Anal 19(2–3):97–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Vargas F, Jiménez AR, Paredes-López O (2000) Natural pigments: carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Betalains – characteristics, biosynthesis, processing, and stability. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 40(3):173–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Tomo P, Canali R, Ciavardelli D, Silvestre SD, De Marco A, Giardinelli A, Pipino C, Di Pietro N, Virgili F, Pandolfi A (2012) Beta-carotene and lycopene affect endothelial response to TNF-alpha reducing nitro-oxidative stress and interaction with monocytes. Mol Nutr Food Res 56:217–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diretto G, Tavazza R, Welsch R, Pizzichini D, Mourgues F, Papacchioli V, Beyer P, Giuliano G (2006) Metabolic engineering of potato tuber carotenoids through tuber-specific silencing of lycopene epsilon cyclase. BMC Plant Biol 6(13):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer JH, Paul-Labrador MJ, Fan J, Shircore AM, Merz CN et al (2004) Progression of carotid intima-media thickness and plasma antioxidants: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study. Arterioscler Нromb Vasc Biol 24:313–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Agamey A, Mcgarvey DJ (2008) Chapter 7: carotenoid radicals and radical ions. In: Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen F, Pfander H (eds) Carotenoids, Natural function, vol 4. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp 119–154

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Erdman JW Jr, Ford NA, Lindshield BL (2008) Are the health attributes of lycopene related to its antioxidant function? Arch Biochem Biophys 483(2):229–235

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans JA, Johnson EJ (2010) The role of phytonutrients in skin health. Nutrients 2(8):903–928

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feige JN, Gelman L, Michalik L, Desvergne B, Wahli W (2006) From molecular action to physiological outputs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors at the crossroads of key cellular functions. Prog Lipid Res 45:120–159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedor J, Burda K (2014) Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Nutrients 6(2):466–488

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser DP, Bramley MP (2004) The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids. Prog Lipid Res 43:228–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frey SK, Vogel S (2011) Vitamin A metabolism and adipose tissue biology. Nutrients 3:27–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gallicchio L, Boyd K, Matanoski G et al (2008) Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 88:372–383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gärtner C, Stahl W, Sies H (1997) Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. Am J Clin Nutr 66:116–122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gijsbers L, van Eekelen HD, de Haan LH et al (2013) Induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-mediated gene expression by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) extracts. J Agric Food Chem 61:3419–3427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Granado F, Olmedilla B, Blanco I (2003) Nutritional and clinical relevance of lutein in human health. Br J Nutr 90(3):487–502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Stahl W, Krutmann J (2017) Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br J Dermatol 176(5):1231–1240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond BR Jr, Renz LM (2013) Carotenoids. Adv Nutr 4:474–476. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.113.004028

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Han S, Roman J (2007) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ: a novel target for cancer therapeutics? Anti-Cancer Drugs 18:237–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Handelman GJ (2001) The evolving role of carotenoids in human biochemistry. Nutrition 17(10):818–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harari A, Harats D, Marko D, Shaish A (2008) A 9-cis β-carotene-enriched diet inhibits atherogenesis and fatty liver formation in LDL receptor knockout mice. J Nutr 138:1923–1930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heber D, Lu QY (2002) Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227:920–923

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosokawa M, Wanazaki S, Miyauchi K, Kurihara H, Kohno H, Kawabata J, Odashima S, Takahashi K (1999) Apoptosis-inducing effect of Fucoxanthin on human Leukemia cell Line HL-60. Food Sci Technol Res 5(3):243–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hosokawa M, Kudo M, Maeda H, Kohno H, Tanaka T, Miyashita K (2004) Fucoxanthin induces apoptosis and enhances the antiproliverative effect of the PPARγ ligand, troglitazone, on colon cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1675:113–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosokawa M, Miyashita T, Nishikawa S, Emi S, Tsukui T, Beppu F, Okada T, Miyashita K (2010) Fucoxanthin regulates adipocytokine mRNA expression in white adipose tissue of diabetic/obese KK-Ay mice. Arch Biochem Biophys 504:17–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hozawa A, Steffes DR Jr, Jacobs MW, Gross MD, Steffen LM, Lee DH (2006) Associations of serum carotenoid concentrations with the development of diabetes and with insulin concentration: interaction with smoking: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Am J Epidemiol 163:929–937

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hozawa A, Jacobs JDR, Steffes MW, Gross MD, Steffen LM, Lee DH (2009) Circulating carotenoid concentrations and incident hypertension: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. J Hypertens 27:237–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hozumi M, Murata T, Morinobu T, Manago M, Kuno T, Tokuda M, Konishi K, Mingci Z, Tamai H (1998) Plasma beta-carotene retinol, and alpha-tocopherol levels in relation to glycemic control of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 44:1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu MY, Li YL, Jiang CH, Liu ZQ, Qu SL, Huang YM (2008) Comparison of lycopene and fluvastatin effects on atherosclerosis induced by a high-fat diet in rabbits. Nutrition 24:1030–1038

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubacek JA, Bobkova D (2006) Role of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in nutrigenetics and pharmacogenetics of cholesterol lowering. Mol Diagn Ther 10:93–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein G, Nakagawa T, Goto H, Shimada Y, Matsumoto K, Sankawa U, Watanabe H (2007) Astaxanthin ameliorates features of metabolic syndrome in SHR/NDmcr-cp. Life Sci 80:522–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeuchi M, Koyama T, Takahashi J, Yazawa K (2007) Effects of Astaxanthin in obese mice fed a high-fat diets. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71(4):839–899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imamura T, Bando N, Yamanishi R (2006) β-carotene modulates the immunological function of RAW264, a murine macrophage cell Line, by enhancing the level of intracellular glutathione. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70(9):2112–2120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaswir I, Noviendri D, Hasrini RF, Octavianti F (2011) Carotenoids: sources, medicinal properties and their application in food and nutraceutical industry. J Med Plant Res 5(33):7119–7131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jezek P (2002) Possible physiological roles of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins-UCPn. Int J Biochem Cell Bioll 34:1190–1206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaliora AC, Dedoussis GV, Schmidt H (2006) Dietary antioxidants in preventing atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 187:1–1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kameji H, Mochizuki K, Miyoshi N, Goda T (2010) β-Carotene accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes inhibits the elevation of reactive oxygen species and the suppression of genes related to insulin sensitivity induced by tumor necrosis factor-α. Nutrition 26:1151–1156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato M, Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H, Sugiura M, Hyodo H, Yano M (2004) Accumulation of carotenoids and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes during maturation in Citrus fruit. Plant Physiol 134:824–837

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kato M, Matsumoto H, Ikoma Y, Kuniga T, Nakajima N, Yoshida T, Yano M (2007) Accumulation of carotenoids and expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes and carotenoid cleavage Dioxygenase genes during fruit maturation in the juice sacs of ‘Tamami,’ ‘Kiyomi’ Tangor, and ‘Wilking’ Mandarin. J Jpn Soc Hort Sci 76(2):103–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katyal T, Singh G, Budhiraja R, Sachdeva M (2013) Effect of lutein in development of experimental diabetic nephropathy in rats. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 7:2953–2959

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawada T, Kamei Y, Fujita A et al (2000) Carotenoids and retinoids as suppressors on adipocyte differentiation via nuclear receptors. Biofactors 13:103–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S, Luben R, Welch A et al (2004) Association of hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk. Ann Intern Med 141:413–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JY, Paik JK, Kim OY, Park HW, Lee JH, Jang Y (2011) Effects of lycopene supplementation on oxidative stress and markers of endothelial function in healthy men. Atherosclerosis 215:189–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim DY, Vijayan D, Praveenkumar R et al (2016) Cell-wall disruption and lipid/astaxanthin extraction from microalgae: Chlorella and Haematococcus. Bioresour Technol 199:300–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krinski NI (1992) Mechanism of action of biological antioxidants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 200:248–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee SJ, Bai SK, Lee KS, Namkoong S, Na HJ, Ha KS, Kim YM (2003) Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expression by suppressing I(kappa)B kinase-dependent NF-kappaB activation. Mol Cells 16:97–105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrke M, Lazar MA (2005) The many faces of PPARγ. Cell 123:993–999

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby P (2002) Inflammation in ATS. Nature 420:86–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenhaler HK (1987) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Method Enzymol 148:350–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu CL, Huang YS, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K, Hu ML (2009) Inhibition of proliferation of hepatoma cell line by fucoxanthin in relation to cell cycle arrest and enhanced gap junctional intercellular communication. Chem Biol Interact 182:165–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo HM, Tsai YJ, Du WY, Tsou CJ, Wu WB (2012) A naturally occurring carotenoid, lutein, reduces PDGF and H(2)O(2) signaling and compromised migration in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Sci 19:18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Loguercio C, De Girolamo V, Federico A et al (2001) Relationship of blood trace elements to liver damage, nutritional status, and oxidative stress in chronic nonalcoholic liver disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 81:245–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowel BB, S-Susullc V, Hamann A, Lawitts JA, Himma-Hagen J, Boyer BB, Kozak LP, Flier JS (1993) Development of obesity in trabsgenic mice after genetic ablation of brown adipose tissue. Nature 366:740–742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macedo RC, Bolin AP, Marin DP, Otton R (2010) Astaxanthin addition improves human neutrophils function: In vitro study. Eur J Nutr 49:447–457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sahima T, Funayama K, Miyashita K (2005) Fucoxanthin from edible seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, shows antiobesity effect through UCP1 expression in whiteadipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 332:392–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Takahashi N, Kawada T, Miyashita K (2006) Fucoxanthin and its metabolite, fucoxanthinol, suppress adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Int J Mol Med 18:147–152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Funayama K, Miyashita K (2007a) Effect of medium-chain Triacylglycerols on anti-obesity effect of Fucoxanthin. J Oleo Sci 56(12):615–621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Miyashita K (2007b) Dietary combination of Fucoxanthin and fish oil attenuates the weight gain of white Adopose tissue and decrease blood glucose in obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice. J Agric Food Chem 55:7701–7706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Murakami-Funayama K, Miyashita K (2009) Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of fucoxanthin on diet-induced obesity conditions in a murine model. Mol Med Rep 2:897–902

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masetto A, Flores-Cotera LB, Diaz C, Langley E, Sanchez S (2001) Application of a complete factorial design for the production of Zeaxanthin by Flavobacterium sp. J Biosci Bioeng 92(1):55–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattea F, Martin A, Cocero MJ (2009) Carotenoid processing with supercritical fluids. J Food Eng 93:255–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mezzomo N, Ferreira SRS (2016) Carotenoids functionality, sources, and processing by supercritical technology: a review. J Chem, Article ID 3164312

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael MD, Kulkarni RN, Postic C et al (2000) Loss of insulin signaling in hepatocytes leads to severe insulin resistance and progressive hepatic dysfunction. Mol Cell 6:87–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitri K, Shegokar R, Gohla S, Anselmi C, Müller RH (2011) Lipid nanocarriers for dermal delivery of lutein: preparation, characterization, stability and performance. Int J Pharm 414(1–2):267–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyashita K (2006) Seaweed carotenoid, Fucoxanthin, with highly bioactive and nutritional activities. J Mar Biosci Biotechnol 1(1):48–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagarajan J, Ramanan RN, Raghunandan ME, Galanakis CM Krishnamurth NP (2017). Chapter 8: Nutraceutical and functional food components. Elsevier Inc., pp 259–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Najm W, Lie D (2008) Dietary supplements commonly used for prevention. Prim Care 35:749–767

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naziri D, Hamidi M, Hassanzadeh S, Tarhriz V, Zanjani BM, Nazemyieh H, Hejazi MS (2014) Analysis of carotenoid production by Halorubrum sp. TBZ126; an extremely halophilic archeon from Urmia Lake. Adv Pharm Bull 4(1):61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelis JH, DeLeenheer PA (1991) Microbial sources of carotenoid pigments used in foods and feeds. J Appl Bacteriol 70:181–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikawa S, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K (2012) Fucoxanthin promotes translocation and induction of glucose transporter 4 in skeletal muscles of diabetic/obese KK-A(y) mice. Phytomedicine 19:389–394

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishino H, Murakoshi M, Ii T, Takemura M, Kuchide M, Kanazawa M, Mou XY, Wada S, Masuda M, Ohsaka Y, Yogosawa S, Satomi Y, Jinno K (2002) Carotenoids in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev 21:257–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishino H, Murakoshi M, Tokuda H, Satomi Y (2009) Cancer prevention by carotenoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 483:165–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Kotake S, Nishida T, Mizuki N, Yazawa K, Ohno S (2003) Effects of astaxanthin on lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44:2694–2701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okada T, Nakai M, Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Miyashita K (2008) Suppressive effect of Neoxanthin on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipose cells. J Oleo Sci 57(6):345–351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson JA (1987) Recommended dietary intakes (RDI) of vitamin A in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 45(4):704–7l6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ondrey F (2009) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ pathway targeting in carcinogenesis: implications for chemoprevention. Clin Cancer Res 15:2–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paiva SAR, Russell RM (1999) β-carotene and other carotenoids as antioxidants. J Am Coll Nutr 18(5):426–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pangestuti R, Kim SK (2011) Neuroprotective effects of marine algae. Mar Drugs 9:803–818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Paran E, Novack V, Engelhard YN, Hazan-Halevy I (2009) The effects of natural antioxidants from tomato extract in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 23:145–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park SY, Nomura SMY, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN (2009) Carotenoid intake and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. J Epidemiol 19(2):63–71

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Park JS, Chyun JH, Kim YK, Line LL, Chew BP (2010) Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutr Metab (Lond) 7:18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parola M, Robino G (2001) Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 35:297–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peerapornpisal Y, Amornlerdpison D, Jamjai U, Taesotikul T, Pongpaibul Y, Nualchareon M, Kanjanapothi D (2010) Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of brown marine alga, Padina minor Yamada. Chiang Mai J Sci 37:507–516

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pisal DS, Lele SS (2005) Carotenoid production from microalga, Dunaliella salina. Indian J Biotechnol 4:476–483

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradas-Baena I, Moreno-Rojas JM, Luque de Castro MD (2015) Chapter 1: Effect of processing on active compounds in fresh-cut vegetables. Elsevier, pp 3–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad KN, Chew LY, Kho HE, Yang B, Azalan A, Ismail A (2011) Carotenoids and antioxidant capacities from Canarium odontophyllum Miq. fruit. Food Chem 124:1549–1555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rafi MM, Kanakasabai S, Reyes MD, Bright JJ (2013) Lycopene modulates growth and survival associated genes in prostate cancer. J Nutr Biochem 24:1724–1734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rafi MM, Kanakasabai S, Gokarn SV, Bright JJ (2015) Dietary lutein modulates growth and survival genes in prostate cancer cells. J Med Food 18:173–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajapakse N, Kim MM, Mendis E, Kim SK (2008) Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by carboxybutyrylated glucosamine tales place via down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated nuclear factor-κB signaling. Immunology 123:348–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rao AV, Agarwal S (1999) Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: A Reviev. Nutr Res 19(2):305–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao AV, Rao LG (2007) Carotenoids and human health. Pharmacol Res 55(3):207–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccioni G, Gammone MA, D’Orazio N (2016) Carotenoids and cardiovascular prevention: an update. J Nutr Food Sci 6(1):–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT (2002) Lycopene, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227:900–907

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rock CL (2009) Chapter 13: Carotenoids and cancer. In: Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen F, Pfander H (eds) Carotenoids, Nutrition and Health, vol 5. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, ISBN 978-3-7643-7500-3, 269-286

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Amaya DB (1997) Carotenoids and food preparation: the retention of Provitamin A carotenoids in prepared, processed, and stored foods. Department of Food Science Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas. Brazil. John Snow, Inc./OMNI Project, p 93

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanchik JE, Morel DW, Harrison EH (1995) Distributions of carotenoids and α-tocopherol among lipoproteins do not change when human plasma is incubated in vitro. J Nutr 125:2610–2617

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen ED, MacDougald OA (2006) Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7:885–896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santos DT, Meireles MAA (2010) Carotenoid pigments encapsulation: fundamentals, techniques and recent trends. Open Chem Eng J 4(1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sathasivam R, Ki JS (2018) A review of the biological activities of microalgal carotenoids and their potential use in healthcare and cosmetic industries. Mar Drugs 16:26

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selvaraju V, Joshi M, Suresh S, Sanchez JA, Maulik N, Maulik G (2012) Diabetes, oxidative stress, molecular mechanism, and cardiovascular disease – an overview. Toxicol Mech Methods 22:330–335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semple RK, Chatterjee VK, O’Rahilly S (2006) PPARγ and human metabolic disease. J Clin Invest 116:581–589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sesso HD, Liu S, Gaziano JM, Buring JE (2003) Dietary lycopene, tomato based food products and cardiovascular disease in women. J Nutr 133:2336–2341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharoni Y, Danilenko M, Dubi N, Ben-Dor A, Levy J (2004) Carotenoids and transcription. Arch Biochem Biophys 430:89–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiratori K, Ohgami K, Ilieva I, Jin XH, Koyama Y, Miyashita K, Ohno S (2005) Effects of fucoxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Exp Eye Res 81:422–428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluijs I, Cadier E, Beulens JW, van der A DL, Spijkerman AM, van der Schouw YT (2015) Dietary intake of carotenoids and risk of type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 25:376–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnoff N (2005) Chapter 3: Ascorbate, tocopherol and carotenoids: metabolism, pathway engineering and functions. In: Smirnoff N (ed) Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in plants. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN-13:978-1-4051-2529-1, 53-87

    Google Scholar 

  • Southon S, Faulks R (2003) Chapter 7: Carotenoids in food: bioavailability and functional benefits. In: Johnson I, Williamson G (eds) Phytochemical functional foods. Woodhead Publishing Limited/CRC Press, Cambridge, pp 107–127

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Speranza L, Pesce M, Patruno A, Franceschelli S, de Lutiis MA, Grilli A, Felaco M (2012) Astaxanthin treatment reduced oxidative induced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion in U937: SHP-1 as a novel biological target. Mar Drugs 10:890–899

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl W, Sies H (2003) Antioxidant activity of carotenoids. Mol Asp Med 24:345–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl W, Sies H (2005) Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids. Biochim Biophys Acta 1740:101–107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl W, Sies H (2007) Carotenoids and flavonoids contribute to nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight. Mol Biotechnol 37:26–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl W, Heinrich U, Jungmann H, Sies H, Tronnier H (2000) Carotenoids and carotenoids plus vitamin E protect against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 71:795–798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr (2004) Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 84:1381–1478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Street DA, Comstock GW, Salkeld RM, Schüep W, Klag MJ (1994) Serum antioxidants and myocardial infarction. Are low levels of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol risk factors for myocardial infarction? Circulation 90(3):1154–1161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura M (2013). Chapter 27: Carotenoids: liver diseases prevention. Elsevier. pp 421–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura M, Kato M, Matsumoto H, Nagao A, Yano M (2002) Serum concentration of β-cryptoxanthin in Japan reflects the frequency of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu March.) consumption. J Health Sci 48(4):350–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura M, Nakamura M, Ogawa K, Ikoma Y, Yano M (2015) High-serum carotenoids associated with lower risk for developing type 2 diabetes among Japanese subjects: Mikkabi cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 3:e000147

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki K, Ito Y, Nakamura S, Ochiai J, Aoki K (2002) Relationship between serum carotenoids and hyperglycemia: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Epidemiol 12:357–366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki K, Ito Y, Inoue T, Hamajima N (2011) Inverse association of serum carotenoids with prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Japanese. Clin Nutr 30:369–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi M, Watanabe H, Kikkawa J, Ota M, Watanabe M, Sato Y, Inomata H, Sato N (2006) Carotenoids extraction from Japanese persimmon (Hachiyakaki) peels by supercritical CO2 with ethanol. Anal Sci 22:1441–1447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang X, Yang X, Peng Y, Lin J (2009) Protective effects of lycopene against H2O2-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis in human endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 23:439–448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tavakoli S, Asmis R (2012) Reactive oxygen species and thiol redox signaling in the macrophage biology of atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 17:1785–1795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tavares CA, Rodriguez-Amaya DB (1994) Carotenoid composition of Brazilian tomato products. LWT Food Sci Technol 27(3):219–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thane C, Reddy S (1997) Processing of fruit and vegetables: effect on carotenoids. Nutr Food Sci 97(2):58–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian B, Xu Z, Sun Z, Lin J, Hua Y (2007) Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of carotenoids from Deinococcus radiodurans through targeted mutagenesis, chemiluminescence, and DNA damage analyses. Biochim Biophys Acta 1770:902–911

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tilg H, Diehl AM (2000) Cytokines in alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 343:1476–1476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trottier G, Boström PJ, Lawrentschuk N, Fleshner NE (2010) Nutraceuticals and prostate cancer prevention: a current review. Nat Rev Urol 7(1):21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchiyama K, Naito Y, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Takahashi J, Yoshikawa T (2002) Astaxanthin protects beta-cells against glucose toxicity in diabetic db/db mice. Redox Rep 7:290–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchiyama S, Sumida T, Yamaguchi M (2004a) Anabolic effect of β-cryptoxanthin on bone components in Femoral Tissues of aged Rats in vivo and in vitro. J Health Sci 50(5):491–496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchiyama S, Hashizuma M, Hokari Y, Nakagawa T, Igarashi A, Yamaguchi M (2004b) Characterization of active component in marine alga Sargassum horneri extract in stimulating bone calcification in vitro. J Health Sci 50(6):634–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uchiyama S, Sumida T, Yamaguchi M (2004c) Oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin induces anabolic effects on bone components in the Femoral tissues of Rat in vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 27(2):232–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ungvari Z, Kaley G, de Cabo R, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A (2010) Mechanisms of vascular aging: new perspectives. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 65:1028–1041

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uthayakumaran S, Wrigley C (2017) Chapter 5: Wheat: grain-quality characteristics and management of quality requirements. Elsevier, pp 91–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Casteele M, Zaman Z, Zeegers M et al (2002) Blood antioxidant levels in patients with alcoholic liver disease correlate with the degree of liver impairment and are not specific to alcoholic liver injury itself. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16:985–992

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Lettow M, Harries AD, Kumwenda JJ, Zijlstra EE, Clark TD, Taha TE, Semba RD (2004) Micronutrient malnutrition and wasting in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis with and without HIV co-infection in Malawi. BMC Infect Dis 4(61):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward RJ, Peters TJ (1992) The antioxidant status of patients with either alcohol-induced liver damage or myopathy. Alcohol Alcohol 27:359–365

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warnke I, Goralczyk R, Fuhrer E, Schwager J (2011) Dietary constituents reduce lipid accumulation in murine C3H10 T1/2 adipocytes: a novel fluorescent method to quantify fat droplets. Nutr Metab (Lond) 8:30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker P, Wamer WG, Chanderbhan RF, Dunkel VC (1996) Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on hepatic lipid peroxidation and blood lipids in rats with dietary iron overload. Nutr Cancer 25:119–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirtz GM, Bornemann C, Giger A, Muller RK, Schneider H, Schlotterbeck G, Schiefer G, Woggon WD (2001) The substrate specificity of β,β-carotene 15,15′- monooxygenase. Helv Chim Acta 84(8):2301–2315

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolak T, Paran E (2013) Can carotenoids attenuate vascular aging? Vasc Pharmacol 59(3–4):63–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi M (2008) β-cryptoxanthin and bone metabolism: the preventive role in osteoporosis. J Health Sci 54(4):356–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi M, Uchiyama S (2003) Effect of carotenoid on calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity in rat femoral tissues in vitro: the unique anabolic effect of β-cryptoxanthin. Biol Pharm Bull 26(8):1188–1191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi M, Igarashi A, Uchiyama S, Sugawara K, Sumida T, Morita S, Ogawa H, Nishitani M, Kajimoto Y (2006) Effect of β-cryptoxanthin on circulating bone markers: intake of juice (Citrus Unshiu) supplemented with β-cryptoxanthin has effect in menopausal woman. J Health Sci 52(6):758–768

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yano M, Kato M, Ikoma Y, Kawasaki A, Fukazawa Y, Sugiura M, Matsumoto H, Oohara Y, Nagao A, Ogawa K (2005) Quantitation of carotenoids in raw and processed fruits in Japan. Food Sci Technol Res 11(1):13–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh PT, Huang HW, Yang CM, Yang WS, Yang CH (2016) Astaxanthin inhibits expression of retinal oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PLoS One 11:e0146438

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeum KJ, Aldini G, Russell RM, Krinsky NI (2009) Chapter 12: Antioxidant/Prooxidant actions of carotenoids. In: Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen F, Pfander H (eds) Carotenoids, Nutrition and Health, vol 5. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, ISBN 978-3-7643-7500-3, 235-26

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin C, Yang S, Liu X, Yan H (2013) Efficient extraction of astaxanthin from phaffia rhodozyma with polar and non-polar solvents after acid washing. Chin J Chem Eng 21(7):776–780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ylonen K, Alfthan G, Groop L, Saloranta C, Aro A, Virtanen SM (2003) Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols in relation to glucose metabolism in subjects at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the Botnia dietary study. Am J Clin Nutr 77:1434–1441

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zakynthinos G, Varzakas T (2016) Carotenoids: from plants to food industry. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci 4(1):38–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeb A, Mehmood S (2004) Carotenoids contents from various sources and their potential health applications. Pak J Nutr 3(3):199–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang LX, Cooney RV, Bertram JS (1991) Carotenoid enhance gap junction communication and inhibit lipid peroxidation in CH3/10T1/2 cells: relationship to their cancer chemopreventive action. Carcinogenesis 12:2109–2114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang LX, Cooney RV, Bertram JS (1992) Carotenoids up-regulate connexin43 gene expression independent of their provitamin A or antioxidant properties. Cancer Res 52:5707–5712

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Zhao W, Hu L, Zhao L, Huang J (2011) Carotenoids inhibit proliferation and regulate expression of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in K562 cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 512:96–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Gu H, Zhang H, Li J, Zhao W (2014) PPARγ-dependent pathway in the growth-inhibitory effects of K562 cells by carotenoids in combination with rosiglitazone. Biochim Biophys Acta 1840:545–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao WE, Shi G, Gu H, Ngoc NB (2016) Role of PPARγ in the nutritional and pharmacological actions of carotenoids. Res Rep Biochem 6:13–24

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

    Ahmed Olatunde

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Natural Product Research Laboratory, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Nigeria

    Habibu Tijjani

  3. Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Ahmed Adebayo Ishola

  4. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria

    Chukwuebuka Egbuna

  5. Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port-Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

    Chukwuebuka Egbuna

  6. Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Sadia Hassan

  7. Food Processing Centre, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebras, USA

    Sadia Hassan

  8. Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Akram

Authors
  1. Ahmed Olatunde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Habibu Tijjani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahmed Adebayo Ishola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chukwuebuka Egbuna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sadia Hassan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Muhammad Akram
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria

    Chukwuebuka Egbuna

  2. College of Medicine, Davao Medical School Foundation, Inc., Davao City, Philippines

    Genevieve Dable Tupas

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Olatunde, A., Tijjani, H., Ishola, A.A., Egbuna, C., Hassan, S., Akram, M. (2020). Carotenoids as Functional Bioactive Compounds. In: Egbuna, C., Dable Tupas, G. (eds) Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42319-3_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation