Abstract
The diagnosis of sepsis, and especially its differentiation from sterile inflammation, may be challenging. TREM-1, the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1, is an amplifier of the innate immune response. Its soluble form acts as a decoy for the natural TREM-1 ligand and dampens its activation. In this chapter, we review the numerous studies that have evaluated the usefulness of sTREM-1 concentration determination for the diagnosis and the prognosis evaluation of sepsis or localized infection. Nowadays, sandwich ELISA kits are available and the assay is described.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Tang BM, Eslick GD, Craig JC, McLean AS (2007) Accuracy of procalcitonin for sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 7:210–217
Atkinson AJ, Colburn WA, DeGruttola VG et al (2001) Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:89–95
Marshall JC, Reinhart K (2009) Biomarkers of sepsis. Crit Care Med 37:2290–2298
Ford JW, McVicar DW (2009) TREM and TREM-like receptors in inflammation and disease. Curr Opin Immunol 21:38–46
Hara H, Ishihara C, Takeuchi A et al (2007) The adaptor protein CARD9 is essential for the activation of myeloid cells through ITAM-associated and Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 8:619–629
Tessarz AS, Cerwenka A (2008) The TREM-1/DAP12 pathway. Immunol Lett 116:111–116
Dower K, Ellis DK, Saraf K et al (2008) Innate immune responses to TREM-1 activation: overlap, divergence, and positive and negative cross-talk with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 180:3520–3534
Bouchon A, Dietrich J, Colonna M (2000) Cutting edge: inflammatory responses can be triggered by TREM-1, a novel receptor expressed on neutrophils and monocytes. J Immunol 164:4991–4995
Bleharski JR, Kiessler V, Buonsanti C et al (2003) A role for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in host defense during the early-induced and adaptive phases of the immune response. J Immunol 170:3812
Bouchon A, Facchetti F, Weigand MA, Colonna M (2001) TREM-1 amplifies inflammation and is a crucial mediator of septic shock. Nature 410:1103–1107
Gibot S, Kolopp-Sarda M-N, Béné M-C et al (2004) A soluble form of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 modulates the inflammatory response in murine sepsis. J Exp Med 200:1419–1426
Lanier LL, Bakker AB (2000) The ITAM-bearing transmembrane adaptor DAP12 in lymphoid and myeloid cell function. Immunol Today 21:611–614
Gómez-Piña V, Soares-Schanoski A, Rodríguez-Rojas A et al (2007) Metalloproteinases shed TREM-1 ectodomain from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes. J Immunol 179:4065–4073
Wong-Baeza I, Gonz’alez-Rold’an N, Ferat-Osorio E et al (2006) Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM-1) is regulated post-transcriptionally and its ligand is present in the sera of some septic patients. Clin Exp Immunol 145:448–455
Haselmayer P, Grosse-Hovest L, von Landenberg P et al (2007) TREM-1 ligand expression on platelets enhances neutrophil activation. Blood 110:1029–1035
Hamerman JA, Tchao NK, Lowell CA, Lanier LL (2005) Enhanced Toll-like receptor responses in the absence of signaling adaptor DAP12. Nat Immunol 6:579–586
Hamerman JA, Jarjoura JR, Humphrey MB et al (2006) Cutting edge: inhibition of TLR and FcR responses in macrophages by triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-2 and DAP12. J Immunol 177:2051–2055
Gibot S, Cravoisy A, Levy B et al (2004) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumonia. N Engl J Med 350:451–458
Gibot S, Kolopp-Sarda MN, Béné MC et al (2004) Plasma level of a triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1: its diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected sepsis. Ann Intern Med 141:9–15
Wang H, Chen B (2011) Diagnostic role of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 in patients with sepsis. World J Emerg Med 2:190–194
Su L, Han B, Liu C et al (2012) Value of soluble TREM-1, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein serum levels as biomarkers for detecting bacteremia among sepsis patients with new fever in intensive care units: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 12:157
Latour-Pérez J, Alcalá-López A, García-García MÁ et al (2010) Diagnostic accuracy of sTREM-1 to identify infection in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Clin Biochem 43:720–724
Barati M, Bashar FR, Shahrami R et al (2010) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 and the diagnosis of sepsis. J Crit Care 25:362.e1–362.e6
Kofoed K, Andersen O, Kronborg G et al (2007) Use of plasma C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, neutrophils, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in combination to diagnose infections: a prospective study. Crit Care 11:R38
Chen H, Hung C, Tseng H, Yang R (2008) Soluble form of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) as a diagnostic marker of serious bacterial infection in febrile infants less than three months of age. Jpn J Infect Dis 61:31–35
Sarafidis K, Soubasi-Griva V, Piretzi K et al (2010) Diagnostic utility of elevated serum soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM)-1 in infected neonates. Intensive Care Med 36:864–868
Wu Y, Wang F, Fan X et al (2012) Accuracy of plasma sTREM-1 for sepsis diagnosis in systemic inflammatory patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 16:R229
Su L, Feng L, Zhang J et al (2011) Diagnostic value of urine sTREM-1 for sepsis and relevant acute kidney injuries: a prospective study. Crit Care 15:R250
Gibot S, Béné MC, Noel R et al (2012) Combination biomarkers to diagnose sepsis in the critically Ill patient. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 186:65–71
Richeldi L, Mariani M, Losi M et al (2004) Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells: role in the diagnosis of lung infections. Eur Respir J 24:247–250
Huh J, Lim C-M, Koh Y et al (2008) Diagnostic utility of the soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with bilateral lung infiltrates. Crit Care 12:R6
Determann RM, Millo JL, Gibot S et al (2005) Serial changes in soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells in the lung during development of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 31:1495–1500
El Solh AA, Akinnusi ME, Peter M et al (2008) Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells in pulmonary aspiration syndromes. Intensive Care Med 34:1012–1019
Ramirez P, Kot P, Marti V et al (2011) Diagnostic implications of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and abdominal diseases: a preliminary observational study. Crit Care 15:1–8
Phua J, Koay ESC, Zhang D et al (2006) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in acute respiratory infections. Eur Respir J 28:695–702
Horonenko G, Hoyt JC, Robbins RA et al (2007) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 is increased in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia: a preliminary report. Chest 132:58–63
Oudhuis GJ, Beuving J, Bergmans D et al (2009) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is not predictive for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 35:1265–1270
Anand NJ, Zuick S, Klesney-Tait J, Kollef MH (2009) Diagnostic implications of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in bal fluid of patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the icu. Chest 135:641–647
Palazzo SJ, Simpson TA, Simmons JM, Schnapp LM (2012) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) as a diagnostic marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care 57:2052–2058
Summah H, Tao L-L, Zhu Y-G et al (2011) Pleural fluid soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 as a marker of bacterial infection: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 11:280
Determann RM, Weisfelt M, de Gans J et al (2006) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1: a biomarker for bacterial meningitis. Intensive Care Med 32:1243–1247
Bishara J, Hadari N, Shalita-Chesner M et al (2007) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 for distinguishing bacterial from aseptic meningitis in adults. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 26:647–650
Guanghui G, Qiaoya J, Zhenhua S (2011) Value of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Int J Lab Med 9:12
Determann RM, Schultz MJ, Geerlings SE (2007) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 is not a sufficient biological marker for infection of the urinary tract. J Infect 54:e249
Determann RM, Olivier van Till JW, van Ruler O et al (2009) sTREM-1 is a potential useful biomarker for exclusion of ongoing infection in patients with secondary peritonitis. Cytokine 46:36–42
Lu Z, Liu Y, Dong Y et al (2011) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells in severe acute pancreatitis: a biological marker of infected necrosis. Intensive Care Med 38:69–75
Belibasakis GN, Öztürk V-Ö, Emingil G, Bostanci N (2014) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1) in gingival crevicular fluid: association with clinical and microbiologic parameters. J Periodontol 85:204–210
Bisson C, Massin F, Lefevre PA et al (2012) Increased gingival crevicular fluid levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM)-1 in severe periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 39:1141–1148
Bostanci N, Öztürk VÖ, Emingil G, Belibasakis GN (2013) Elevated oral and systemic levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in periodontitis. J Dent Res 92:161–165
Jiyong J, Tiancha H, Wei C, Huahao S (2008) Diagnostic value of the soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in bacterial infection: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 35:587–595
Bouadma L, Luyt CE, Tubach F et al (2010) Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients’ exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 375:463–474
Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Zakynthinos S, Baziaka F et al (2006) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 as an anti-inflammatory mediator in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 32:237–243
Wu C-L, Lu Y-T, Kung Y-C et al (2011) Prognostic value of dynamic soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respirology 16:487–494
Tejera A, Santolaria F, Diez M-L et al (2007) Prognosis of community acquired pneumonia (CAP): value of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) and other mediators of the inflammatory response. Cytokine 38:117–123
Zhang J, She D, Feng D et al (2011) Dynamic changes of serum soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) reflect sepsis severity and can predict prognosis: a prospective study. BMC Infect Dis 11:53
Su L, Liu C, Li C et al (2012) Dynamic changes in serum soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) and its gene polymorphisms are associated with sepsis prognosis. Inflammation 35:1833–1843
Kwofie L, Rapoport BL, Fickl H et al (2012) Evaluation of circulating soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) to predict risk profile, response to antimicrobial therapy, and development of complications in patients with chemotherapy-associated febrile neutropenia: a pilot study. Ann Hematol 91:605–611
Müller B, Gencay MM, Gibot S et al (2007) Circulating levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM)-1 in community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Med 35:990–991
Bopp C, Hofer S, Bouchon A et al (2009) Soluble TREM-1 is not suitable for distinguishing between systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis survivors and nonsurvivors in the early stage of acute inflammation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 26:504–507
Gibot S (2009) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 and the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 136:320
Adib-Conquy M, Monchi M, Goulenok C et al (2007) Increased plasma levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 and procalcitonin after cardiac surgery and cardiac arrest without infection. Shock 28:406–410
Bingold TM, Pullmann B, Sartorius S et al (2011) Soluble triggering receptor on myeloid cells-1 is expressed in the course of non-infectious inflammation after traumatic lung contusion: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care 15:1–7
Schenk M, Bouchon A, Birrer S et al (2005) Macrophages expressing triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 are underrepresented in the human intestine. J Immunol 174:517–524
Schenk M, Bouchon A, Seibold F, Mueller C (2007) TREM-1–expressing intestinal macrophages crucially amplify chronic inflammation in experimental colitis and inflammatory bowel diseases. J Clin Invest 117:3097–3106
Park JJ, Cheon JH, Kim BY et al (2009) Correlation of serum-soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 with clinical disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 54:1525–1531
Jung YS, Park JJ, Kim SW et al (2012) Correlation between soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) expression and endoscopic activity in inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Liver Dis 44:897–903
Tzivras M, Koussoulas V, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ et al (2006) Role of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 12:3416
Billioud V, Gibot S, Massin F et al (2012) Plasma soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in Crohn’s disease. Dig Liver Dis 44:466–470
Saurer L, Rihs S, Birrer M et al (2012) Elevated levels of serum-soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in patients with IBD do not correlate with intestinal TREM-1 mRNA expression and endoscopic disease activity. J Crohns Colitis 6:913–923
Koussoulas V, Tzivras M, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ et al (2007) Can soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (sTREM-1) be considered an anti-inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease? Dig Dis Sci 52:2166–2169
Koussoulas V, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Barbatzas C, Pimentel M (2011) Serum sTREM-1 as a surrogate marker of treatment outcome in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Dig Dis Sci 56:3590–3595
Radsak MP, Taube C, Haselmayer P et al (2007) Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 is released in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2007:52040
Rohde G, Radsak MP, Borg I et al (2012) Levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 83:133–139
Collins CE, La DT, Yang H-T et al (2009) Elevated synovial expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 in patients with septic arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 68:1768–1774
Daikeler T, Regenass S, Tyndall A et al (2008) Increased serum levels of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 67:723–724
Molad Y, Pokroy-Shapira E, Kaptzan T et al (2013) Serum soluble triggering receptor on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) is elevated in systemic lupus erythematosus but does not distinguish between lupus alone and concurrent infection. Inflammation 1–6:1519–1524
Gibot S, Alauzet C, Massin F et al (2006) Modulation of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells–1 pathway during pneumonia in rats. J Infect Dis 194:975–983
Wiersinga WJ, van’t Veer C, Wieland CW et al (2007) Expression profile and function of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 during melioidosis. J Infect Dis 196:1707–1716
Kamei K, Yasuda T, Ueda T et al (2010) Role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in experimental severe acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 17:305–312
Gibot S, Massin F, Alauzet C et al (2009) Effects of the TREM 1 pathway modulation during hemorrhagic shock in rats. Shock 32:633–637
Gibot S, Massin F, Alauzet C et al (2008) Effects of the TREM-1 pathway modulation during mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Crit Care Med 36:504–510
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Lemarié, J., Barraud, D., Gibot, S. (2015). Host Response Biomarkers in Sepsis: Overview on sTREM-1 Detection. In: Mancini, N. (eds) Sepsis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1237. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1776-1_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1776-1_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1775-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1776-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols