Abstract
Genetic systems have been of interest to human genetics mainly because they exhibit polymorphism in various populations, and therefore seem to be relevant to human evolution, or because they are associated with pathological manifestations. In addition, whereas frequently biological systems are easier to investigate in microorganisms or in experimental animals, from which one tries to extrapolate to humans, sometimes this species lends itself ideally to direct analysis, and features of general interest then emerge. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) exhibits all of these characteristics. G6PD is a ubiquitous enzyme, since it is found, as far as we know, in all contemporary organisms and in all tissues: it is certainly very ancient in evolution. The metabolic role of G6PD is well outlined. On the one hand, it catalyzes the first step of one pathway for producing pentose, a precursor of nucleic acids and of all nucleotide coenzymes. On the other hand, it provides the NADPH required for a variety of biosynthetic and detoxification reactions. In certain organisms and in certain circumstances it may also provide an alternative to the main glycolytic pathway for glucose utilization. Thus, it can be regarded legitimately as a typical and generally essential household or housekeeping enzyme.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abraham, I., and Lucchesi, J. C., 1974, Dosage compensation of genes on the left and right arms of the X chromosome of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila willistoni, Genetics 78:1119–1126.
Adamson, J. W., Failkow, P. J., Murphy, S., Prchal, J. F., and Steinmann, L., 1976, Polycythemia vera: Stem-cell and probable clonal origin of the disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 295:913–916.
Afolayan, A., 1979, The plasma membrane of human erythrocyte with different levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Int. J. Biochem. 10:361–365.
Afolayan, A., and Luzzatto, L., 1971, Genetic variants of human erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. I. Regulation of activity by oxidized and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Biochemistry 10:415–419.
Aksoy, M., Dinçol, G., and Erdem, S., 1980, Survey on haemoglobin variants, β-thalassaemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haptoglobin types in Turkish people living in Manavgat, Serik and Boztepe (Antalya), Hum. Hered. 30:3–6.
Allendorf, F. W., Christiansen, F. B., Dobron, T., Eanes, W. F. and Frijdenberg, O., 1979, Electrophoretic variation in large mammals. I. The polar bear, Thalartos maritimus, Hereditas 91:19–22.
Anderson, J. E., and Giblett, E. R., 1975, Intraspecific red cell enzyme variation in the pig-tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina), Biochem. Genet. 13:189–212.
Andersson, L., Ryman, N., Rosenberg, R., and Stahl, G., 1981, Genetic variability in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus): Description of protein loci and population data, Hereditas 95:69–78.
Arese, P., 1982, Favism—A natural model for the study of hemolytic mechanisms, Rev. Pure Appl. Pharmacol. Sci. 3:123–183.
Arese, P., Bosia, A., Naitana, A., Gaetani, S., D’Aquino, M., and Gaetani, G. F., 1981, Effect of divicine and isouramil on red cell metabolism in normal and G6PD-deficient (Mediterranean variant) subjects. Possible role in the genesis of favism, in: The Red Cell: Fifth Ann Arbor Conference, pp. 725–744, Alan R. Liss, New York.
Arese, P., Naitana, A., Mannuzzu, L., Turrini, F., Haest, C. W. M., Fischer, T. M., and Deuticke, B., 1982, Biochemical and micro-rheological modifications in normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient red cells treated with divicine, in: Advances in Red Cell Biology (D. J. Weatherall, G. Fiorelli, and S. Gorini, eds.), pp. 375–379, Raven Press, New York.
Arnold, H., Löhr, G. W., Hasslinger, K., and Ludwig, R., 1981, Combined erythrocyte glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in an Italian family, Hum. Genet. 57:226–229.
Avise, J. C., Smith, M. H., Selander, R. K., Lawlor, T. E., and Ramsey, P. R., 1974, Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromiscus. V. Insular and mainland species of the subgenus Haplomylomys, Syst. Zool. 23:226–238.
Ayala, F. J., Valentine, J. W., Hedgecock, D., and Barr, L. G., 1975, Deep-sea asteroids: High genetic variability in a stable environment, Evolution 29:203–212.
Azevedo, E., Kirkman, H. N., Morrow, A. C., and Motulsky, A. G., 1968, Variants of red cell G6PD among asiatic indians, Ann. Hum. Genet. 31:373–379.
Azim, A. A., Kamel, K., Gaballah, M. F., Sabry, F. H., Ibrahim, W., Selim, O., and Moafy, N., 1974, Genetic blood markers and anthropometry of the populations in Aswan governorate, Egypt, Hum. Hered. 24:12–23.
Babalola, A. O. G., Beetlestone, J. G., and Luzzatto, L., 1976, Genetic variants of human erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of variants A, B and A- in relation to quaternary structure, J. Biol. Chem. 251:2992–3002.
Backstrom, S., 1959, Activation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in sea urchin embryos of different developmental trends, Exp. Cell. Res. 18:347–356.
Baehner, R. I., 1975, The growth and development of an understanding of chronic granulomatous disease, in: The Phagocytic Cell in Host Resistance, pp. 173–175, Raven Press, New York.
Baehner, R. L., and Nathan, D. G., 1968, Quantitative nitro blue tetrazolium test in chronic granulomatous disease, N. Engl J. Med. 278:971–978.
Baer, A., Lie-Injo, L.-E., Welch, Q. B., and Lewis, A. N., 1976, Genetic factors and malaria in Temuan, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 28:179–188.
Balinsky, D., and Jenkins, T., 1967, Electrophoretic variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase in Bantu and Coloured subjects, S. Afr. J. Med. Sci. 32:96.
Balogh, A., Borbély, G., Cséke, Cs., Udvardy, J., and Farkas, G. L., 1979, Virus infection affects the molecular properties and activity of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase in Anacystic nidulans, a cyanobacterium: Novel aspect of metabolic control in a phage-infected cell, FEBS Lett. 105:158–162.
Banerjee, S., and Fraenkel, D. G., 1972, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli and from a “high level” mutant, J. Bacteriol. 110:155–160.
Banerjee, B., Saha, N., Daoud, Z. F., Khalaf, F. H., and Qudah, H., 1981, A genetic study of the Jordanians, Hum. Hered. 31:65–69.
Barber, M. L., Kolan, D. M., Yabuta, C., and Nielsen, B., 1982, Mechanisms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozyme pattern changes at fertilization, J. Exp. Zool. 219:369–376.
Barker, J. S. F., and Mulley, J. C., 1976, Isozyme variation in natural populations of Drosophila buzzatii, Evolution 30:213–233.
Battistuzzi, G., Esan, G. J. F., Fasuan, F. A., Modiano, G., and Luzzatto, L., 1977a, Comparison of Gd A and Gd B activities in Nigerians. A study of the G6PD activity, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 29:31–36.
Battistuzzi, G., Esan, G. J. F., Fasuan, F. A., Modiano, G., and Luzzatto, L., 1977b, Response to Nance letter, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 29:543–544.
Battistuzzi, G., Morellini, M., Meloni, T., Gandini, E., and Luzzatto, L., 1982, Genetic factors in favism, in: Advances in Red Blood Cell Biology (D. J. Weatherall, G. Fiorelli, and S. Gorini, eds.), pp. 339–346, Raven Press, New York.
Bayoumi, R. A., Omer, A., Samuel, A. P. W., Saha, N., Sebai, Z. A., and Sabaa, H. M. A., 1979, Haemoglobin and erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants among selected tribes in Western Saudi Arabia, Trop. Geogr. Med. 31:245–252.
Belote, J. M., and Lucchesi, J. C., 1980, Control of X chromosome transcription by the maleless gene in Drosophila, Nature 285:573–575.
Benabadji, M., Merad, F., Benmoussa, M., Trabuchet, G., Junien, C., Dreyfus, J. C., and Kaplan, J. C., 1978, Heterogeneity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Algeria. Study in Northern Algeria with description of five new variants, Hum. Genet. 40:177–184.
Benatti, U., Morelli, A., Meloni, T., Sparatore, B., Salamino, G., Michetti, M., Melloni, E., Pontremoli, S., and De Flora, A., 1981, Comparative patterns of “in vitro” oxidative hemolysis of normal and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient erythrocytes, FEBS Lett. 128:225–229.
Ben-Bassat, A., and Goldberg, I., 1980, Purification and properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+/NAD+) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (NADP+/NAD+) from methanol-grown Pseudomonas C, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 611:1–10.
Berg, K., and Beam, A. G., 1968, Human serum protein polymorphism. A selected review, Annu. Rev. Genet. 2:341–362.
Bernstein, S. C., and Bowman, J. E., 1980, G6PD/malaria hypothesis: A balanced or transient polymorphism, Lancet i:485.
Bernstein, S. C., Throckmorton, L. H., and Hubby, J. L., 1973, Still more genetic variability in natural populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70:3928.
Bernstein, S. C., Bowman, J. E., and Kaptue Noche, L., 1980a, Population studies in Cameroon: Hemoglobin S, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and falciparum malaria, Hum. Hered. 30:251–258.
Bernstein, S. C., Bowman, J. E., and Kaptue Noche, L., 1980b, Genetic variation in Cameroon: Thermostability variants of hemoglobin and of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Biochem. Genet. 18:21–37.
Bernstein, S. C., Bowman, J. E., and Kaptue Noche, L., 1980c, Interaction of sickle cell trait and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Cameroon, Hum. Hered. 30:7–11.
Bertin, T., Harris, J. E., Ferrell, R. E., and Schull, W. J., 1978, The Nubians of Kom Ombo: Serum and red cell protein types, Hum. Hered. 28:66–71.
Betke, K., Brewer, G. J., Kirkman, H. N., Luzzatto, L., Motulsky, A. G., Ramot, B., and Siniscalco, M., 1967, Standardization of procedures for the study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: Report of a WHO Scientific Group, World Health Organization Technical Report Series 366.
Beutler, E., 1971, Abnormalities of the hexose monophosphate shunt, Semin. Hematol. 8:311–347.
Beutler, E., 1983, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, in: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease (J. B. Stanbury, J. B. Wyngaarden, D. S. Fredrickson, J. L. Goldstein, and M. S. Brown, eds.), 5th ed., pp. 1629–1653, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Beutler, E., and West, C., 1978, Glucose-6-phosphate variants in chimpanzee, Biochem. Med. 20:364–370.
Beutler, E., and Yoshida, A., 1973, Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants: A supplementary tabulation, Ann. Hum. Genet. Lond. 37:151–152.
Beutler, E., Yeh, M., and Fairbanks, V. F., 1962, The normal human female as a mosaic of X-chromosome activity: Studies using the gene for G-6-PD deficiency as a marker, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48:9–16.
Bezzi, T. M., Castaldi, G., Bergamini, M., and Scorrano, M., 1982, Morphological abnormalities of the red cells during hemolytic episode in a patient with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Haematologica (Pavia) 67:147–148.
Bienzle, U., 1981, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Part 1: Tropical Africa, Clin. Haematol. 10:785–799.
Bienzle, U., Ayeni, O., Lucas, A. O., and Luzzatto, L., 1972, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malaria. Greater resistance of females heterozygous for enzyme deficiency and of males with nondeficient variant, Lancet i:107–110.
Bienzle, U., Sodeinde, O., Effiong, C. E., and Luzzatto, L., 1975, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and sickle cell anemia: Frequency and features of the association in an African community, Blood 46:591–597.
Bienzle, U., Guggenmoos-Holzmann, I., and Luzzatto, L., 1979, Malaria and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in West Africa, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 28:619–621.
Bienzle, U., Guggenmoos-Holzmann, I., and Luzzatto, L., 1981, Plasmodium falciparum malaria and human red cells. 1. A genetic and clinical study in children, Int. J. Epidemiol. 10:9–15.
Bijlsma, R., 1978, Polymorphism at the G6PD and 6PGD loci in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Evidence for interaction in fitness, Genet. Res. 31:227–237.
Bijlsma, R., and Van Delden, W., 1977, Polymorphism at the G6PD and 6PGD loci in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Evidence for selection in experimental population, Genet. Res. 30:221–236.
Bijlsma, R., and Van der Meulen-Bruijns, C., 1979, Polymorphism at the G6PD and 6PGD loci in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Developmental and biochemical aspects, Biochem. Genet. 17:1131–1143.
Bittner, R., Böhme, H.-J., Didt, L., Goltzsch, W., Hofmann, E., Levin, M. J., and Sparmann, G., 1978, Developmental changes in the levels of hepatic enzymes and their relation to metabolic functions, Ad. Enzyme Reg. 17:37–57.
Blasi, F., and Toniolo, D., 1983, DNA methylation and X-chromosome inactivation, Mol. Biol. Med. 1:271–274.
Bonnell, M. L., and Selander, R. K., 1974, Elephant seals: Genetic variation and near extinction, Science 184:908–909.
Booth, P. B., Tills, D., Warlow, A., Kopec, A. C., Mourant, A. E., Teesdale, P., and Hornabrook, R. W., 1982, Red cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Karkar Islanders and inhabitants of the adjacent north coast of New Guinea, Hum. Hered. 32:385–403.
Bouloux, C., Gomila, J., and Langaney, A., 1972, Hemotypology of the Bedik, Hum. Biol. 44:289–302.
Bowman, J. T., and Simmons, J. R., 1973, Gene modulation in Drosophila: Dosage compensation of PgD+ and Zw+ genes, Biochem. Genet. 10:319–331.
Bowman, J. E., Brubaker, R. R., Frischer, H., and Carson, P. E., 1967, Characterization of enterobacteria by starch-gel electrophoresis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, J. Bacteriol. 94:544–551.
Boyer, S. H., and Graham, J. B., 1965, Linkage between the X chromosome loci for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase electrophoretic variation and hemophilia A, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 17:320–324.
Breguet, G., Ney, R., Kirk, R. L., and Blake, N. M., 1982, Genetic survey of an isolated community in Bali, Indonesia. II. Haemoglobin types and red cell isozymes, Hum. Hered. 32:308–317.
Brewer, G. J., Gall, J. C., Honeyman, M., Gershowitz, H., Schreffler, D. C., Dern, R. J., and Hames, C., 1967, Inheritance of quantitative expression of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the Negro—A twin study, Biochem. Genet. 1:41–53.
Brinster, R. L., 1966, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in preimplantation embryo, Biochem. J. 101:161–163.
Brinster, R. L., 1970, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the early rabbit and mouse embryo, Biochem. Genet. 4:669–676.
Brittnacher, J. G., Sims, S. R., and Ayala, F. J., 1978, Genetic differentiation between species of the genus Speyeria (Lepidoptera nymphalidae), Evolution 32:199–210.
Brown, P. J., 1981, New considerations on the distribution of malaria, thalassemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Sardinia, Hum. Biol. 53:367–382.
Bruce, E. J., and Ayala, F. J., 1978, Phylogenetic relationships between man and apes: Electrophoretic evidence, Evolution 33:1040–1056.
Bryant, E. H., Van Dijk, H., and Van Delden, W., 1981, Genetic variability of the fare fly, Musca autumnalis de Geer, in relation to a population bottleneck, Evolution 35:872–881.
Buettner-Janusch, J., Dame, L., Mason, G. A., and Sade, D. S., 1974, Primate red cell enzyme: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 41:7–14.
Burt, A. M., 1965, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and chick neurogenesis. I. G6PD activity in embryonic brachial spinal cord, Dev. Biol. 12:213–232.
Cabrera, V. M., Gonzales, A. M., and Gullon, A., 1980, Enzymatic polymorphism in Dro-sophila subobscura populations from the Canary Islands, Evolution 34:875–887.
Cacciapuoti, A. F., and Lessie, T. G., 1977, Characterization of the fatty acid-sensitive glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas cepacia, J. Bacteriol. 132:555–563.
Calabrese, E. J., 1982, Evolutionary loss of ascorbic acid synthesis: How it may have enhanced the survival interests of man, Med. Hypotheses 8:173–175.
Cameron, D. G., and Vyse, E. R., 1978, Heterozygosity in Yellowstone Park elk, Cervus canadensis, Biochem. Genet. 16:651–653.
Cancedda, R., Ogunmola, G. B., and Luzzatto, L., 1973, Genetic variants of human erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Eur. J. Biochem. 34:199–204.
Carroll, A. J., Prchal, J. T., Crist, W. M., and Prchal, J. F., 1980, Cellular expression of Wiskott-Aldrich allele, Lancet i:601–602.
Carson, P. E., Flanagan, C. L., Ickes, C. E., and Alving, A., 1956, Enzymatic deficiency in primaquine-sensitive erythrocytes, Science 124:484–485.
Carter, R., 1973, Enzyme variation in Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium vinchei, Parasitology 66:297–307.
Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., and Bodmer, W. F., 1971, The Genetics of Human Populations, W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
Cavener, D. R., and Clegg, M. T., 1981, Evidence for biochemical and physiological differences between enzyme genotypes in Drosophila melanogaster, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:4444–4447.
Champion, M. J., Shaklee, J. B., and Witt, G. S., 1975, Developmental genetics of teleost isozymes, in: Isozymes. III. Developmental Biology (C. L. Markert, ed.), pp. 417–437, Academic Press, New York.
Chan, T. K., and Todd, D., 1972, Characteristics and distribution of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient variants in South China, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 24:475–484.
Chan, T. K., Todd, D., and Wong, C. C., 1965, Tissue enzyme levels in erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 66:937–942.
Chan, T. K., Todd, D., and Lai, M. S. C., 1972, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: Identity of erythrocyte and leukocyte enzyme with report of a new varient in Chinese, Biochem. Genet. 6:119–130.
Chang, H.-L., Holten, D., and Karin, R., 1979, Distribution of the multiple molecular forms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in different pathological states, Can. J. Biochem. 57:396–401.
Chapman, V. M., and Shaws, T. B., 1976, Somatic cell genetics evidence for X chromosome linkage of three enzymes in the mouse, Nature 259:665–667.
Cheun, H. L., 1966, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in erythrocytes of experimental animals, J. Clin. Pathol. 19:614–618.
Chockkalingam, K., and Board, P. G., 1980, Further evidence for heterogeneity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Papua New Guinea, Hum. Genet. 56:209–212.
Chockkalingam, K., Board, P. G., and Breguet, G., 1982a, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants of Bali Island (Indonesia), Hum. Genet. 60:60–62.
Chockkalingam, K., Board, P. G., and Nurse, G. T., 1982b, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Papua New Guinea: The description of 13 new variants, Hum. Genet. 60:189–192.
Clark, M., and Root, R. K., 1979, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and infection: A study of hospitalised patients in Iran, Yale J. Biol. Med. 52:169–179.
Cooper, M. R., De Chatelet, L. R., McCall, C. E., LaVia, M. F., Spurr, C. L., and Baehner, R. L., 1972, Complete deficiency of leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase with defective bactericidal activity, J. Clin. Invest. 51:769–778.
Cooper, D. W., Johnston, P. G., Mutach, C. E., Sharman, C. B., Vanderberg, J. L., and Poole, W. E., 1975, Sex linked isozymes and sex chromosome evolution and inactivation in kangaroos, in: Isozymes. III. Developmental Biology (C. L. Markert, ed.), pp. 559–573, Academic Press, New York.
Corberand, J., De Larrard, B., Vergnes, H., and Corrière, J. P., 1978, Chronic granulomatous disease with leukocytic glucose-6-phosphate deficiency in a 28-month-old girl, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 70:296–300.
Corbo, R. M., Spennati, G. F., Scacchi, R., Palmarino, R., Delia Penna, M. R., and Lucarelli, P., 1981, A survey of serum protein and enzyme polymorphisms in the district of L’Aquila (Italy), Hum. Hered. 31:167–171.
Daneshbod, G., 1975, Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Tehran, Acta Haematol. 53:152–157.
Dao, M. L., Watson, J. J., Delaney, R., and Johnson, B. C., 1979, Purification of a high activity form of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat liver and effect of enzyme inactivation on its immunochemical reactivity, J. Biol. Chem. 254:9441–9447.
Dao, M. L., Connor Johnson, B., and Hartman, P. E., 1982, Preparation of a monoclonal antibody to rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the study of its immunoreactivity with native and inactivated enzyme, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:2860–2864.
Davidson, R. G., Nitowsky, H. M., and Childs, B., 1963, Demonstration of two populations of cells in the human female heterozygous for glucose-6-phosphate variants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 50:481–484.
Davidson, R. G., Childs, B., and Siniscalco, M., 1964, Genetic variations in the quantitative control of erythrocyte G6PD activity, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 28:61–70.
De Flora, A., 1981, Present and future approaches to the correction of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Haematologica 66:691–701.
Dobzhansky, T. H., 1930, Genetical and environmental factors influencing the type of intersexes in Drosophila melanogaster, Am. Nat. 64:261–271.
Donohue, T. M., Jr., and Barker, K. L., 1983, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: Translational regulation of synthesis and regulation of processing of the enzyme in the uterus by estradiol, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 739:148–157.
Dovrat, A., and Gershon, D., 1981, Rat lens superoxide dismutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: Studies on the catalytic activity and the fat of enzyme antigen as a function of age, Exp. Eye Res. 33:651–661.
Dreyfus, J.-C., Kahn, A., and Schapira, F., 1978, Posttranslational modifications of enzymes, in: Current Topics in Cellular Regulation, Vol. 14 (B. L. Horecker, and E. R. Stadtman, eds.), pp. 243–275, Academic Press, New York.
Duflo, B., Diallo, A., Toure, K., and Soula, G., 1979, Le déficit en glucose-6-phosphate déshydrogénase au Mali: Épidémiologie et rôle pathologique, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exotique 72:258–264.
Duflo, B., Ranque, P., Quilici, M., Balique, H., Dembele, O., Diallo, D., Diallo, A.-N., Haidara, S., and Maiga, I., 1982, Déficit en glucose-6-phosphate-déshydrogénase et paludisme au Mali, Nouv. Presse Méd. 11:2713.
Duncan, M. R., Dell’Orco, R. T., and Guthrie, P. L., 1977, Relationship of heat labile glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and multiple molecular forms of the enzyme in senescent human fibroblasts, J. Cell. Physiol. 93:49–56.
D’Urso, M., Battistuzzi, G., and Luzzatto, L., 1980, Genetic variants of human erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: Automated procedure for characterization by column chromatography, Anal. Biochem. 108:146–150.
D’Urso, M., Mareni, C., Toniolo, D., Piscopo, M., Schlessinger, D., and Luzzatto, L., 1983, Regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in CHO-human fibroblast somatic cell hybrids, Somat. Cell Genet. 9:429–443.
Elizondo, J., Sáenz, G. F., Páez, C. A., Ramón, M., García, M., Gutiérrez, A., and Estrada, M., 1982, G6PD-Puerto Limon: A new deficient variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase associated with congenital nonspherocytoc hemolytic anemia, Hum. Genet. 62:110–112.
Erickson, R. P., and Harper, K., 1980, A major autosomal gene effect on activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase segregating between recombinant inbred lines of mice, Genet. Res. Camb. 36:91–97.
Erickson, R. P., Stites, D. P., Fudenberg, H. H., and Epstein, C. J., 1972, Altered levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase stabilizing factors in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 80:644–653.
Erikson, K., Halkka, O., Lokki, J., and Saura, A., 1976, Enzyme polymorphism in feral, outbred and inbred rats (Rattus norvegicus), Heredity 37:341–349.
Everett, W. D., Yoshida, A., and Pearlman, E., 1977, Hemoglobin E and glucose-6-phosphate deficiency in the Khmer Air Force (Cambodia), Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 26:597–601.
Fenu, M. P., Finazzi, G., Manoussakis, C., Palomba, V., and Fiorelli, G., 1982, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: Genetic heterogeneity in Sardinia, Ann. Hum. Genet. 46:105–114.
Fernandez, M. N., and Fairbanks, V. F., 1968, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the Philippines: Report of a new variant G6PD Panay, Mayo Clin. Proc. 43:645–660.
Ferraris, A. M., Giuntini, P., Galiano, S., and Gaetani, G. F., 1981, 2-Deoxy-glucose-6-phosphate utilization in the study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mosaicism, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 33:307–313.
Ferraris, A. M., Canepa, L., Mareni, C., Baule, G., Meloni, T., Salvidio, E., Forteleoni, G., and Gaetani, G. F., 1983, Reexpression of normal stem cells in erythroleukemia during remission, Blood 62:177–179.
Ferrell, R. E., Bertin, T., Young, R., Barton, S. A., Murillo, F., and Schull, W. J., 1978, The Aymara of Western Bolivia. IV. Gene frequencies for eight blood groups and 19 protein and erythrocyte enzyme systems, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 30:539–549.
Ferrell, R. E., Bertin, T., Barton, S. A., Rothhammer, F., and Schull, W. J., 1980, The Multi-national Andean Genetic and Health Program. IX. Gene frequencies and rare variants of 20 serum proteins and erythrocyte enzymes in the Aymara of Chile, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 39:92–102.
Fialkow, P. J., 1979, Clonal origin of human tumors, Ann. Rev. Med. 30:135–143.
Fialkow, P. J., Gartler, S. M., and Yoshida, A., 1967, Clonal origin of chronic myelocytic leukemia in man, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58:1468–1471.
Fialkow, P. J., Klein, E., Klein, G., Clifford, P., and Singh, S., 1973, Immunoglobulin and G-6-PD as markers of cellular origin in Burkitt lymphoma, J. Exp. Med. 138: 89–102.
Fialkow, P. J., Jacobson, R. J., and Papayannopoulou, T., 1977, Chronic myelocytic leukemia: Clonal origin in a stem cell common to the granulocyte, erythrocyte, platelet and monocyte/macrophage, Am. J. Med. 63:125–130.
Fialkow, P. J., Denman, A. M., Jacobson, R. J., and Lowenthal, M. N., 1978, Chronic myelocytic leukemia: Origin of some lymphocytes from leukemic stem cells, J. Clin. Invest. 62:815–823.
Filippi, G., Rinaldi, A., Archidiancono, N., Rocchi, M., Balaza, I., and Siniscalco, M., 1983, Linkage between G6PD and fragile-X syndrome, Am. J. Med. Genet. 15:113–119.
Fincham, J. R. S., Day P. R., and Radford, A., 1979, Fungal Genetics, 3rd ed., Blaekwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Fiorelli, G., Finazzi, G., Manoussakis, C., Palomba, V., and Fenu, M. P., 1982, G6PD deficiency in Sardinia: Genetic heterogeneity and clinical implications, in: Advances in Red Cell Biology (D. J. Weatherall, ed.), pp. 399–408, Raven Press, New York.
Fisher, R. A., Putt, W., and Hackel, E., 1976, An investigation of the products of 53 gene loci in three species of wild Canidae: Canis lupus, Canis latrans, and Cards familiaris, Biochem. Genet. 14:963–974.
Flynn, T. P., Johnson, G. J., and Allen, D. W., 1981, Mechanisms of decreased erythrocyte deformability and survival in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutants, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 56:231–245.
Fraenkel, D. G., 1968, Selection of Escherichia coli mutants lacking glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, J. Bacteriol. 95:1267–1271.
Friedman, M. J., 1979, Oxidant damage mediates variant red cell resistance to malaria, Nature 280:245–247.
Fujii, H., Miwa, S., Tani, K., Takegawa, S., Fujinami, N., Takahashi, K., Nakayama, S., Konno, M., and Sato, T., 1981, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants: A unique variant (G6PD Kobe) showed an extremely increased affinity for galactose 6-phosphate and a new variant (G6PD Sapporo) resembling G6PD Pea Ridge, Hum. Genet. 58:405–407.
Funayama, S., Funayama, S., Ito, I. Y., and Veiga, L. A., 1977, Trypanosoma cruzi: Kinetic properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Exp. Parasitol. 43:376–381.
Gaetani, G. F., Parker, J. C., and Kirkman, N. H., 1974, Intracellular restraint: A new basis for the limitation in response to oxidative stress in human erythrocytes containing low-activity variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:3584–3587.
Gaetani, G. F., Mareni, C., Salvidio, E., Gatiano, S., Meloni, T., and Arese, P., 1979, Favism: Erythrocyte metabolism during haemolysis and reticulocytosis, Br. J. Haematol. 43:39–48.
Gaetani, G. F., Ferraris, A. M., Galiano, S., Giuntini, P., Canepa, L., and D’Urso, M., 1982, Primary thrombocythemia: Clonal origin of platelets, erythrocytes and granulocytes in a GdB/GdMediterranean subject, Blood 59:76–79.
Garcia-Bunuel, L., and Garcia-Bunuel, V. M., 1980, Connective tissue metabolism in normal and atrophic skeletal muscle, J. Neurosci. 47:69–77.
Gartler, S. M., and Andina, R. J., 1976, Mammalian X-chromosome inactivation, in: Advances in Human Genetics, Vol. 7 (H. Harris and K. Hirschhorn, eds.), pp. 99–140, Plenum Press, New York.
Gartler, S. M., and Cole, R. E., 1981, Recent developments in the study of mammalian X-chromosome inactivation, in: Mechanisms of Sex Differentiation in Animals and Man (C. R. Austin and R. G. Edwards, eds.), pp. 113–143, Academic Press, New York.
Gartler, S. M., Hornung, S. K., and Motulsky, A. G., 1981, Effect of chronologic age on induction of cystathione synthase, uroporphyrinogen. I. Synthase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in lymphocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1916–1919.
Gartside, D. F., Dessauer, H. C., and Joanen, T., 1977, Genie homozygosity in an ancient reptile (Alligator mississippiensis), Biochem. Genet. 15:655–854.
Gasperi, G., Malacrida, A., Cima, L., Sacchi, L., and Grigolo, A., 1978, The in vitro conversion of a specific molecular form of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Musca domestica L., J. Histochem. Cytochem. 26:850–854.
Gealy, W. J., Dwyer, J. M., and Harley, J. B., 1980, Allelic exclusion of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in platelets and T lymphocytes from a Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome carrier, Lancet i:63–65.
Geer, B. W., Bowman, J. T., and Simmons, J. R., 1974, The pentose phosphate shunt in the wild type and glucose-6-phosphate deficient Drosophila melanogaster, J. Exp. Zool. 187:77–86.
Geer, B. W., Kamiak, S. N., Kidd, K. R., Nishimura, R. A., and Yemm, S. J., 1976, Regulation of the oxidative NADP-enzyme tissue levels in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Modulation by dietary carbohydrate and lipid, J. Exp. Zool. 195:15–32.
Geer, B. W., Woodward, C. G., and Marshall, S. D., 1978, Regulation of the oxidative NADP-enzyme tissue levels in Drosophila melanogaster. II. The biochemical basis of dietary carbohydrate and D-glycerate modulation, J. Exp. Zool. 203:391–402.
Geer, B. W., Lindel, D. L., and Lindel, D. M., 1979, Relationships of oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to lipid synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster, Biochem. Genet. 17:881–895.
Gelpi, A. P., and King, M. C., 1977, New data on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Saudi Arabia: G6PD variants, and the association between enzyme deficiency and hemoglobin S, Hum. Hered. 27:285–291.
Gherardi, M., Bierme, R., Corrand, J., Pris, J., and Vergnes, H., 1976, Distribution of G6PD types in the population of Southwest France: Common variants and new variants, Hum. Hered. 26:279–289.
Gibbs, W. N., Gray, R., and Lowry, M., 1979, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and neonatal jaundice in Jamaica, Br. J. Haematol. 43:263–274.
Gibbs, W. N., Wardle, J., and Sergeant, G. R., 1980, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and homozygous sickle cell disease in Jamaica, Br. J. Haematol. 45:73–80.
Gill, P., 1981, Enzyme variation in the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus (Thunberg), Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 15:247–258.
Glock, G. E., and McLean, P., 1953, Further studies on the properties and assay of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of rat liver, Biochem. J. 55:400–408.
Glock, G. E., and McLean, P., 1954, Levels of enzymes of the direct oxidative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in mammalian tissues and tumours, Biochem. J. 56:171–175.
Gloria-Bottini, F., Falsi, A. M., Mortera, J., and Bottini, E., 1980, The relations between G-6-PD deficiency, thalassemia and malaria. Further analysis of data from Sardinia and the Po Valley, Experientia 36:541–543.
Goldstein, L., and Gartler, S. M., 1979, The irreversibility of subunit associations in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and a suggestion regarding an early step in cellular morphogenesis, Exp. Cell Res. 122:185–190.
Goman, M., Langley, G., Hyde, J. E., Yankovsky, N. K., Zolg, J. W., and Scaife, J. G., 1982, The establishment of genomic DNA libraries for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum; identification of individual clones by hybridisation, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 5:391–400.
Goubern, M., and Portet, R., 1981, Modulation of malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in some tissues of cold acclimated rats, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 69B:237–241.
Graves, J. E., and Somero, G. N., 1982, Electrophoretic and functional isozymic evolution in four species of Eastern Pacific barracudas from different thermal environments, Evolution 36:97–106.
Gray, G. R., Klebanoff, S. J., Stamatoyannopoulos, G., Austin, T., Naiman, S. C., Yoshida, A., Kliman, M. R., and Robinson, G. C. F., 1973, Neutrophil dysfunction, chronic granulomatous disease, and non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia caused by complete deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Lancet ii:530–534.
Green, J. L., and Vicatou, M., 1973, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Maltese newborn infants, Br. J. Haematol. 25:261–269.
Green, C. D., Skarda, J., and Barry, J. M., 1971, Regulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase formation in mammary organ culture, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 244:377–387.
Greenbaum, I. F., and Baker, R. J., 1976, Evolutionary relationships in macrotus (Mammalia chiroptera): Biochemical variation and karyology, Syst. Zool. 25:15–25.
Guggenmoos-Holzmann, I., Bienzle, U., and Luzzatto, L., 1981, Plasmodium falciparum malaria and human red cells. II. Red cell genetic traits and resistance against malaria, Int. J. Epidemiol. 10:16–22.
Guries, R. P., and Ledig, T. F. 1982, Genetic diversity and population structure in pitch pine (Pinus rigida mill.), Evolution 36:387–402.
Gvozdev, V. A., Gerasimova, T. I., Kogan, G. L., and Braslavskaya, O. Y., 1976, Role of the pentose phosphate pathway in metabolism of Drosophila melanogaster elucidated by mutations affecting glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases, FEBS Lett 64:85–88.
Gvozdev, V. A., Gerasimova, T. L, Kogan, G. L., and Rosovsky, J. M., 1977, Investigations on the organization of genetic loci in Drosophila melanogaster: Lethal mutations affecting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and their suppression, Mol. Gen. Genet. 153:191–198.
Haghighi, B., and Levy, H. R., 1982a, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Conformational transitions induced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and glucose 6-phosphate monitored by fluorescent probes, Biochemistry 21:5421–6428.
Haghighi, B., and Levy, H. R., 1982b, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Kinetics of reassociation and reactivation from inactive subunits, Biochemistry 21:6429–6434.
Halliday, R. B., 1981, Heterogeneity and genetic distance in sibling species of meat ants (Iridomyrmex purpureus group), Evolution 35:234–242.
Hedayat, Sh., Farhud, D. D., Montazami, K., and Ghadirian, P., 1981, The pattern of bean consumption, laboratory findings in patients with favism, G6PD deficient, and a control group, J. Trop. Pediatr. 27:110–113.
Hemplemann, E., and Wilson, R. J. M., 1981, Detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in malarial parasites, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 2:197–2004.
Hiernaux, J., 1976, Blood polymorphism frequencies in the Sara Majingay of Chad, Ann. Hum. Biol. 3:127–140.
Hilf, R., Ichowica, R., Bartley, J. C., and Abraham, S., 1975, Multiple molecular form of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in normal, preneoplastic and neoplastic tissues in mice, Cancer Res. 35:2109–2116.
Hitzeroth, H. W., and Bender, K., 1980, Erythrocyte glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase genetic polymorphisms in South African Negroes, with a note on G-6-PD and the malaria hypothesis, Hum. Genet. 54:233–242.
Hitzeroth, H. W., and Bender, K., 1981, Age-dependency of somatic selection in South African Negro G-6-PD heterozygotes, Hum. Genet. 58:338–343.
Hizi, A., and Yagil, G., 1974a, On the mechanism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase regulation in mouse liver. 2. Purification and properties of the mouse liver enzyme, Eur. J. Biochem. 45:201–209.
Hizi, A., and Yagil, G., 1974b, On the mechanism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase regulation in mouse liver. 3. The rate of enzyme synthesis and degradation, Eur. J. Biochem. 45:211–221.
Hofmann, J., Bosia, A., Arese, P., Lösche, W., Pescarmona, G. P., Tazartos, O., and Till, U., 1981, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in human platelets and its effect on platelet aggregation, Acta Biol. Med. Germ. 40:1707–1714.
Holliday, R., and Tarrant, G. M., 1972, Altered enzymes in aging human fibroblasts, Nature 238:26–30.
Holliday, R., and Thompson, K. V. A., 1983, Genetic effects on the longevity of cultured human fibroblasts. III. Correlations with altered glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Gerontology 29:89–96.
Hori, S. H., and Matsui, M., 1967, Effects of hormones on hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of rat, J. Hystochern. Cytochem. 15:530–534.
Hori, S. H., and Tanda, S., 1980, Purification and properties of wild type and mutant glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from Drosophila melanogaster, Jpn. J. Genet. 55:211–223.
Hori, S. H., Yonezawa, S., Mochizuki, Y., Sado, Y., and Kamada, T., 1975, Evolutionary aspects of animal glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes, in: Isozymes. IV. Genetics and Evolution (C. L. Markert, ed.), pp. 839–852, Academic Press, New York.
Hughes, B. M., and Lucchesi, J. C., 1977, Genetic rescue of a lethal “null” activity allele for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster, Science 196:1114–1115.
Hunter, L., 1980, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in cultured human cell lines: Separation by isoelectric focusing, Anal. Biochem. 101:78–87.
Iritani, N., Fukuda, H., and Fukuda, E., 1981, Age-dependent modifications of lipogenic enzymes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 665:636–639.
Jansson, S.-E., Hekali, R., Gripenberg, J., Härkönen, M., and Vuopio, P., 1980, Membrane characteristics and metabolic properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient red cells, Br. J. Haematol. 46:79–87.
Jenkins, T., Harpending, H. C., Gordon, H., Keraan, M. M., and Johnston, S., 1971, Red-cell-enzyme polymorphisms in the Khoisan peoples of Southern Africa, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 23:513–532.
Jenkins, T., Lane, A. B., Nurse, G. T., and Tanaka, J., 1975, Sero-genetic studies on the G/wi and G//ana San of Botswana, Hum. Hered. 25:318–328.
Johnson, B. C., and Sassoon, H. F., 1967, Studies on the induction of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the rat, in: Advances in Enzyme Regulation, Vol. 5 (G. Weber, ed.), pp. 93–106, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Johnson, G. J., Allen, D. W., Cadman, S., Fairbanks, V. F., White, J. G., Lampkin, B. C., and Kaplan, M. E., 1979, Red-cell-membrane polypeptide aggregates in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutants with chronic hemolytic disease. A clue to the mechanism of hemolysis, N. Engl. J. Med. 301:522–527.
Johnson, M. S., and Michevich, M. F., 1977, Variability and evolutionary rates of characters, Evolution 31:642–648.
Johnson, M. S., Clarke, B., and Murray, J., 1977, Genetic variation and reproductive isolation in Partula, Evolution 31:115–126.
Jones, J. T., and Andrews, S. J., 1978, Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity in somatic and germinal cells of mouse testis, J. Reprod. Fertil. 54:357–362.
Kahan, B., and De Mars, R., 1975, Localized depression on the human inactive X chromosome in mouse-human cell hybrids, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:1510–1514.
Kahler, S. G., and Kirkman, H. N., 1983, Intracellular glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase does not monomerize in human erythrocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 258:717–718.
Kahn, S., 1978, G6PD variants, Hum. Genet (Suppl 1) 1978:37–44.
Kahn, A., Boivin, P., and Lagneau, J., 1973, Phänotypes de la glucose-6-phosphate déshy-drogénase érythrocytaire dans la race noire. Étude de 301 noirs vivant en France et description de 9 variantes différentes. Fréquence élevée d’une enzyme déficitaire de migration “B,” Humangenetik 18:261–270.
Kahn, A., Guillonzo, A., Liebovitch, M. P., Cottreau, D., Bouvel, M., and Dreyfus, J.-C., 1977, Heat lability of G6PD in some senescent human cultured cells. Evidence for its post-synthetic nature, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 77:760–766.
Kamel, K.,Umar, M., Ibrahim, W., Mansour, A., Gaballah, F., Selim, O., Azim, A., Hamza, S., Sabry, F., Moafy, N., El-Naggar, A., and Hoerman, K., 1975, Anthropological studies among Lybians. Erythrocyte genetic factors, serum haptoglobins phenotypes and anthropometry, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 43:103–111.
Karayalcin, G., Acs, H., and Lanzkowsky, P., 1979, G-6-PD deficiency and hyperbilirubinemia: In black American full-term infants, N. Y. State J. Med. 1979(January):22–24.
Kato, N., Sahm, H., Schütte, H., and Wagner, F., 1979, Purification and properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from a methanol-utilizing yeast, Candida boidinii, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 566:1–11.
Kazazian, H. H. J. R., Young, W. J., and Childs, B., 1965, X linked 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila: Subunit associations, Science 150:1601.
Keats, B., 1983, Genetic mapping: X chromosome, Hum. Genet. 64:28–32.
Kelley, D. S., Watson, J. J., Mack, D. O., and Johnson, B. C., 1975, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is not induced in mammalian liver by dietary carbohydrate, Nutr. Rep. Int. 12:121–135.
Kirkman, H.N., 1971, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, in: Advances in Human Genetics, Vol. 2 (H. Harris and K. Hirschhorn, eds.), pp. 1–60, Plenum Press, New York.
Kirkman, H. N., and Lie-Injo, L. E., 1969, Variants of G6PD in Indonesia, Nature 221:959.
Kirkman, H. N., Doxiadis, S. A., Valaes, T., Tassopoulos, N., and Brinson, A. G., 1965, Diverse characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Greek children, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 65:212–221.
Kirkman, H. N., Wilson, W. G., and Clemons, E. H., 1980, Regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. I. Intact red cells, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 95:877–887.
Komma, D. J., 1966, Effect of sex transformation genes on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 54:497–503.
Komma, D. J., 1968a, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila: A sex-influenced electrophoretic variant, Biochem. Genet. 1:229–237.
Komma, D. J., 1968, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila: Sexual effect on structure, Biochem. Genet. 1:337–346.
Krahl, M. E., Keltch, A. K., Walters, C. P., and Clowes, G. H. A., 1955, Glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases from egg of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, J. Gen. Physiol. 38:431–439.
Kukulansky, T., and Yagil, G., 1979, On the effect of insulin on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fatty acid synthetase activity in mouse liver, Horm. Metab. Res. 11:14–19.
Kurtz, J. W., and Wells, W. W., 1981, Induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Requirement for insulin and dexamethasone, J. Biol. Chem. 256:10870–10875.
Lampe, R. M., Kirdpon, S., and Mansuwan, P., 1975, G6PD deficiency in Thai children with typhoid, J. Pediatr. 87:576–585.
Landi, A. P., Altman, F. P., Pringle, J., and Landi, A., 1980, Oxidative enzyme metabolism in rabbit intrasynovial flexor tendons. I. Changes in enzyme activity of tenocytes with age, J. Surg. Res. 29:276–280.
Larson, A., 1980, Paedomorphosis in relation to rates of morphological and molecular evolution in the salamander Aneides flavipunctatus (Amphibia Plethodontidae), Evolution 34:1–17.
Laudenslager, E. J., 1978, Variation in the genetic structure of Peromyscus populations. I. Genetic heterozygosity—its relationship to adaptive divergence, Biochem. Genet. 16:1165.
Lawrie Ahlberg, C. C., Maroni, G., Bewley, G. C., Lucchesi, J. C., and Weir, B. S., 1980, Quantitative genetic variation of enzyme activities in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:1073–1077.
Lawrie-Ahlberg, C. C., Williamson, J. H., Cochrane, B. J., Wilton, A. N., and Chasalow, F. I., 1981, Autosomal factors with correlated effects on the activities of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 99:127–150.
Leathern, J. H., and Appel, N. M., 1977, Adrenal and gonadal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in aging rats, J. Endocrinol 75:433–434.
Ledig, F. T., and Conkle, M. T., 1983, Gene diversity and genetic structure in a narrow endemic species, Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carr) Evolution 37:79–85.
Lee, C.-Y., Langley, G H., and Burkhart, J., 1978, Purification and molecular weight determination of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme from mouse and Drosophila, Anal. Biochem. 86:697–706.
Lee, C.-Y., Yuan, J. H., Moser, D., and Kramer, J. M., 1979, Purification and characterization of mouse glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 24:61–73.
Lefêvre-Witier, P., and Vergnes, H., 1977, Enzyme polymorphisms of Ideles populations (Ahaggar, Algeria) and the Iwellemeden Kel Kummer Twaregs (Menaka, Mali), Hum. Hered. 27:454–469.
Le Gall, J. Y., le Gall, M., Godin, Y., and Serre, J. L., 1982, A study of genetic markers of the blood in four Central African population groups, Hum. Hered. 32:418–427.
Lendzian, K., and Bassham, J. A., 1975, Regulation of G6PD in spinach chloroplasts by ribulose 1,5 diphosphate and NADPH/NADP+ ratios, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 396:260–275.
Lenzerini, L., Khan, P. M., Filippi, G., Rattazzi, M. C., Ray, A. K., and Siniscalco, M., 1969, Characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants. I. Occurrence of a G6PD Seattle-like variant in Sardinia and its interaction with the G6PD Mediterranean variant, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 21:142–153.
Lester, L. J., and Selander, R. K., 1979, Population genetics of haplodiploid insects, Genetics 92:1329–1345.
Lester, S. C., Korn, N. J., and DeMars, R., 1982, Derepression of genes on the human inactive X chromosome: Evidence for differences in locus-specific rates of derepression and rates of transfer of active and inactive genes after DNA-mediated transformation, Somat. Cell Genet. 8:265–284.
Levin, D. A., 1977, The organization of genetic variability in Phlox drummondii, Evolution 31:411–494.
Levin, D. A., 1978, Genetic variation in annual Phlox: Self-compatible versus self-incompatible species, Evolution 32:245–263.
Levy, H. R., 1979, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases, in: Advances in Enzymology, Vol. 48 (A. Meister, ed.), pp. 97–192, Wiley, New York.
Lewis, R. A., Kay, R. W., and Hathorn, M., 1966, Sickle cell disease and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Acta Haematol. 35:399–410.
Lie-Injo, L. E., 1969, Distribution of genetic red cell defects in South-East Asia, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63:664–674.
Linder, D., and Gartler, S. M., 1965, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mosaicism. Utilization of a cell marker in the study of leiomyomas, Science 150:67–69.
Listay, R. M., and Evans, R. J., 1980, Inactive X chromosome DNA does not function in DNA-mediated cell transformation for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4895–4898.
Livingstone, F. B., 1967, Abnormal Hemoglobins in Human Populations, Aldine, Chicago.
Livingstone, D. R., 1981, Induction of enzymes as a mechanism for the seasonal control of metabolism in marine invertebrates: G6PD from the mantle and hepatopancreas of the common mussel Mytilus edulis L, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 69B:147–156.
Lobo, Z., and Maitra, P. K., 1982, Pentose phosphate pathway mutants of yeast, Mol. Gen. Genet. 185:367–368.
Lucchesi, J. C., and Rawls, J. M., Jr., 1973, Regulation of gene function: A comparison of enzyme activity levels in relation to gene dosage in diploids and triploids of Drosophila melanogaster, Biochem. Genet. 9:41–51.
Lucchesi, J. C., Rawls, J. M., and Maroni, G., 1974, Gene dosage compensation in meta-females (3X:2A) of Drosophila, Nature 248:564–567.
Lucchesi, J. C., Belote, J. M., and Maroni, G., 1977, X linked gene activity in metamales (XY:3A) of Drosophila, Chromosoma 65:1–7.
Lucotte, G., 1979, Génétique des populations, spéciation et taxonomie chez les babouins: II. Similitudes génétiques comparées entre différentes espéces: Papio papio, P. anubis, P. cynocephalus, et P. hamadryas basées sur les données du polymorphisme des enzymes erythrocytaires, Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 7:245–251.
Lucotte, G., 1980, Polymorphisme électrophorétique des protéines et enzymes sériques et érythrocytaires chez le Chimpanzé (Pan troglodytes), Hum. Genet. 54:97–102.
Lucotte, G., and Ruffié, J., 1982, Variation électrophorétique et spéciation chez les différentes espèces de singes anthropoides, Hum. Genet. 61:310–317.
Luzzatto, L., 1967, Regulation of the activity of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase by NADP+ and NADPH, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 146:18–25.
Luzzatto, L., 1972, Genetics and biochemistry of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Nigeria, in: VI. Internationales Symposium über Struktur und Funktion der Erythrocytes Berlin, 1970, pp. 267–272, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.
Luzzatto, L., 1973a, Studies of polymorphic traits for the characterization of populations: African populations South of the Sahara, Is. J. Med. Sci. 9:1181–1194.
Luzzatto, L., 1973b, New developments in G6PD deficiency, Is. J. Med. Sci. 9:1484–1498.
Luzzatto, L., 1974, Genetic factors in malaria, Bull. WHO 50:195–202.
Luzzatto, L., 1975, Inherited haemolytic states: Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Clin. Hematol. 4:83–108.
Luzzatto, L., 1979, Genetics of red cell and susceptibility to malaria, Blood 54:961–976.
Luzzatto, L., 1980, Genetics of human red cells and susceptibility to malaria, in: Modern Genetic Concepts and Techniques in the Study of Parasites (F. Michal, ed.), Tropical Diseases Research Series No. 4, pp. 257–274, Schwabe & Co. Basel.
Luzzatto, L., and Afolayan, A., 1971, Genetic variants of human erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. II. In vitro and in vivo function of the A- variant, Biochemistry 10:420–424.
Luzzatto, L., and Allan, N. C., 1965, Different properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes with normal and abnormal enzyme levels, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 21:547–554.
Luzzatto, L., and Bienzle, U., 1979, The malaria/G6PD hypothesis, Lancet i:1183–1184.
Luzzatto, L., and Gartler, S. M., 1983, Switching off blocks of genes, Nature 301:375.
Luzzatto, L., and Lewis, E. A., 1972, Acute erythraemic myelosis in Ibadan, Dokita (J. Univ. Ibadan Med. Students Assoc.) 1972(June).
Luzzatto, L., and Testa, U., 1978, Human erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: Structure and function in normal and mutant subjects, Curr. Top. Hematol. 1:1–70.
Luzzatto, L., Usanga, E. A., Bienzle, U., Esan, G. F. J., and Fasuan, F. A., 1979a, Imbalance in X-chromosome expression: Evidence for a human X-linked gene affecting growth of hemopoietic cells, Science 205:1418–1420.
Luzzatto, L., Familusi, J. B., Williams, C. K. O., Junaid, T. A., Rotoli, B., and Alfinito, F., 1919b, The PNH abnormality in myeloproliferative disorders: Association of PNH and acute erythremic myelosis in two children, Haematologica 64:13–30.
Luzzatto, L., Sodeinde, O., and Martini, G., 1983, Genetic variation in the hose and adaptive phenomena in Plasmodium falciparum infection, in: Malaria and the Red Cell, Ciba Foundation Symposium, pp. 159–173, Pitman, London.
Lyon, M. F., 1961, Gene action in the X chromosome of the mouse, Nature 190:372–373.
Madvig, P., and Abraham, S., 1980, Enzyme activities during development of some organs of the rat, J. Nutr. 110:100–104.
Maroni, G., and Plaut, W., 1973, Dosage compensation in Drosophila melanogaster triploids. II. Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity, Genetics 74:331–342.
Martin, G. R., 1982, X-chromosome inactivation in mammals, Cell 29:721–724.
Martin, S. K., Miller, L. H., Ailing, D., Okoye, V. C., Esan, G. J. F., Osunkoya, B. O., and Deane, M., 1979, Severe malaria and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: A reappraisal of the malaria/G6PD hypothesis, Lancet i:524–526.
Martin-DeLeon, P. A., Wolf, S. F., Persico, M. G., Toniolo, D., and Migeon, B. R., 1984, Localization of the G6PD locus in mouse and man by in situ hybridization: further evidence for an inverted order of homologous X-linked genes, Somatic Cell Genet., in press.
Mashburn, S. J., Sharitz, R. R., and Smith, M. H., 1978, Genetic variation among Typha populations of the Southeastern United States, Evolution 32:681–685.
Mathai, C. K., Ohno, S., and Beuter, E., 1966, Sex linkage of the glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase gene in Equidae, Nature 210:115–116.
Matsuoka, N., and Hori, S. H., 1980, Immunological relatedness of hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in echinoderms, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 65B:191–198.
Max, S. R., and Knudsen, J. F., 1980, Effect of sex hormones on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat levator ani muscle, Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 17:111–118.
McCracken, G. F., and Brussard, P., 1980, The population biology of the white-lipped land snail Triodopsis albolabris: Genetic variability, Evolution 34:92–104.
McCurdy, P. R., and Mahmood, L., 1970, Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Pakistan, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 76:943–948.
McCurdy, P. R., Kirkman, H. N., Naiman, J. L., Jim, R. T. S., and Pickard, B. M., 1966, A Chinese variant of G6PD, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 67:374.
McCurdy, P. R., Blackwell, R. Q., Todd, D., Tso, S. C., and Tuchinda, S., 1970, Further studies on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Chinese subjects, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 75:788–797.
McCurdy, P. R., Schneer, J. H., and Hansen, I. M., 1972, Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Rumania, Rev. Eur. Études Clin. Biol. 17:66–69.
McCurdy, P. R., Maldonado, N., Dillon, D. E., and Conrad, M. E., 1973, Variants of glucose 6 phosphae dehydrogenase (G6PD) associated with G6PD deficiency in Puerto Ricans, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 82:432–437.
McCurdy, P. R., Kamel, K., and Selim, O., 1974, Heterogeneity of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency in Egypt, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 84:673–680.
McKusick, V. A., 1978, Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Catalogue of Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive and X Linked Phenotypes, 5th ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
McLoughlin, K., Blake, N. M., Korarome, J., and Alpers, W., 1982, Blood group, red cell enzyme and serum protein types in an Asaro village, Eastern Highlands, Papua New Guinea, Hum. Hered. 32:160–165.
Meloni, T., Cagnazzo, G., Dore, A., and Cutillo, S., 1973, Phénobarbital for prevention of hyperbilirubinaemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient newborn infants, J. Pediatr. 82:1048–1051.
Metcalf, R. A., Marlin, J. C., and Whitt, G. S., 1975, Low level of genetic heterozygosity in hymenoptera, Nature 257:792–794.
Migeon, B. R., Norum, R. A., and Corsaro, C. M., 1974, Isolation and analysis of somatic hybrids derived from two human diploid cells, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71:937–941.
Migeon, B. R., Sprenkle, J. A., and Do, T. T., 1979, Stability of the “two active X” phenotype in triploid somatic cells, Cell 18:637–641.
Migeon, B. R., Wolf, S. F., Mareni, C., and Axelman, J., 1982a, Depression with decreased expression of the G6PD locus on the inactive X chromosome in normal human cells, Cell 29:595–600.
Migeon, B. R., Moser, H. W., Moser, A. B., Axelman, J. A., Sillence, D., and Norum, R. A., 1982b, Linkage between loci for adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and G6PD, Human Gene Mapping 6: Oslo Conference (1981) (Abstract), Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 32:298–299.
Milkman, R., 1975, Allozyme variation in E. coli of diverse natural origins, in: Isozymes. IV. Genetics and Evolution (C. L. Marken, ed.), pp. 274–285, Academic Press, New York.
Mita, M., and Yasumasu, I., 1980, Inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in sea urchin eggs by palmitoyl-coenzyme A and reversal by polyamines, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 201:322–329.
Miwa, S., 1980, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Japan, Hemoglobin 4:781–787.
Miwa, S., 1981, Pyruvate kinase deficiency and other enzymopathies of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, Clin. Haematol. 10:57–80.
Modiano, G., 1976, Genetically determined quantitative protein variations in man, excluding immunoglobulins, Mem. Ace. Naz. Lincei Ser. 8 13:55–437.
Modiano, G., Battistuzzi, G., Esan, G. J. F., Testa, U., and Luzzatto, L., 1979, Genetic heterogeneity of “normal” human erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: An isoelectrophoretic polymorphism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:852–856.
Mohandas, T., Sparkes, R. S., Hellkuhl, B., Grzeschik, K. H., and Shapiro, L. J., 1980, Expression of an X-linked gene from an inactive human X chromosome in mouse-human hybrid cells: Further evidence for the noninactivation of the steroid sulfatase locus in man, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:6759–6763.
Mohandas, T., Sparkes, R. S., and Shapiro, L. J., 1981, Reactivation of an inactive human X chromosome: Evidence for X inactivation by DNA methylation, Science 211:393–396.
Momen, H., 1979, Biochemistry of intraerythrocytic parasites. II. Comparative studies in carbohydrate metabolism, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 73:117–121.
Momen, H., and Salles, C. A., 1981, An electrophoretic analysis of variation in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase of Vibrio colerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio fluvialis, J. Appl. Bacteriol 51:425–432.
Morelli, A., Benatti, U., Lenzerini, L., Sparatore, B., Salamino, F., Melloni, E., Michetti, M., Pontremoli, S., and De Flora, A., The interference of leukocytes and platelets with measurement of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity of erythrocytes with low activity variants of the enzyme, Blood 58:642–644.
Morellini, M., Colonna-Romano, S., Meloni, T., Battistuzzi, G., and Gandini, E., 1983, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of leukocyte subpopulations in normal and enzyme deficient individuals, Clin. Lab. Haematol., in press.
Mortlock, R., 1962, Gluconate metabolism of Pasteurella pestis, J. Bacteriol. 84:53–59.
Mourant, A. E., Kopeć, A. C., and Domaniewska-Sobczak, K., 1976, The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups and Other Polymorphisms, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, London.
Mourant, A. E., Tills, D., Kopeć, A. C., Warlow, A., Teesdale, P., Booth, P. B., and Hornabrook, R. W., 1981, Red cell antigen, serum protein, and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in inhabitants of the Jimi Valley, Western Highlands, New Guinea, Hum. Genet. 59:77–80.
Mourant, A. E., Tills, D., Kopeć, A. C., Warlow, A., Teesdale, P., Booth, P. B., and Hornabrook, R. W., 1982, Red cell antigen, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Eastern Highlanders of New Guinea, Hum. Hered. 32:374–384.
Muller, H. J., League, B. B., and Offerman, C. A., 1931, Effects of dosage changes of sex-linked genes and the compensatory effect of other gene differences between male and female, Anat. Rec. Suppl. 51:110.
Nakamura, T., Yoshimoto, K., Aoyama, K., and Ichihara, A., 1982, Hormonal regulations of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lipogenesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, J. Biochem. 91:681–693.
Nakatsuji, T., and Miwa, S., 1979, Incidence and characteristics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Japan, Hum. Genet. 51:297–305.
Nance, W. E., 1967, Quantitative studies of G6PD in a Nigerian population, Clin. Res. 16:66.
Nance, W. E., 1977, Quantitative studies of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 29:537–543.
Naylor, J., Rosenthal, I., Grossman, A., Schulman, I., and Yi-Yung Hsia, D., 1960, Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes of patients with abnormal hemoglobins, Pediatrics 26:285–292.
Naylor, H. B., Fukin, G. M., and McDuff, C. R., 1961, Effect of temperature on growth and virulence of Pasteurella pestis, J. Bacteriol. 81:649–655.
Nevo, E., 1978, Genetic variation in natural populations: Patterns and theory, Theor. Popul. Biol. 13:121–177.
Nhonoli, A. M., Kujwalile, J. M., Kigoni, E. P., and Masawe, A. E. J., 1978, Correlation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency and sickle cell trait (Hb-AS), Trop. Geogr. Med. 30:99–101.
Nobrega, F. G., Maia, J. C. C., Colli, W., and Saldanha, P. H., 1970, Heterogeneity of erythrocyte G6PD activity and electrophoretic patterns among representatives of different classes of vertebrates, Comp. Bichem. Physiol. 33:191–199.
Nozawa, K., Takayashi, S., and Okura, Y., 1975, Blood protein polymorphisms and population structure of the Japanese Macaque, Macaca fuscata fuscata, in: Isozymes. IV. Genetics and Evolution (C. L. Marken, ed.), pp. 225–241, Academic Press, New York.
Nurse, G. T., and Jenkins, T., 1975, The Griqua of Campbell, Cape Province, South Africa, Am. J. Anthropol. 43:71–78.
Nurse, G. T., Botha, M. C., and Jenkins, T., 1977, Sero-genetic studies on the San of South West Africa, Hum. Hered. 27:81–98.
Nyhan, W. L., Bakay, B., Connor, J. D., Marks, J. F., and Keele, D. K., 1970, Hemizygous expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in erythrocytes of heterozygotes for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 65:214–218.
Oakeshott, J. G., Chamber, G. K., Gibson, J. B., Eanes, W. F., and Willcocks, D. A., 1983, Geographic variation in G6PD and PGD allele frequencies in Drosophila melanogaster, Heredity 50:67–72.
Ohnishi, K.-L., and Hon, S. H., 1977, A comparative study of invertebrate glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenases, Jpn. J. Genet. 52:95–106.
Ohno, S., Poole, J., and Gustavson, I., 1965, Sex linkage of erythrocyte G6PD in two species of wild hares, Science 150:1737–1738.
Ohno, S., Payne, H. W., Morrison, M., and Beutler, E., 1966, Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase found in human liver, Science 153:1015–1016.
Oka, K.-L., Takahashi, T., and Hori, S. H., 1981, Differential effect of NADPH/NADP+ ratio on the activities of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 662:318–325.
Oluboyede, O. A., Esan, G. J. F., Francis, T. I., and Luzzatto, L., 1979, Genetically determined deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (type A) is expressed in the liver, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 93:783–789.
Oni, S. B., Osunkoya, B. O., and Luzzatto, L., 1970, Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: Evidence for monoclonal origin of abnormal cells, Blood 36:145–152.
Orgel, L. E., 1963, The maintenance of accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to aging, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 49:517–521.
Orzalesi, N., Sorcinelli, R., and Guiso, G., 1981, Increased incidence of cataracts in male subjects deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Arch. Ophthalmol. 99:69–70.
Owusu, S. K., and Opare-Manta, A., 1972, Electrophoretic characterisation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Ghana, Lancet ii:44.
Ozsoylu, S., 1978, Sickle cell disease, G-6-PD deficiency, and jaundice, J. Pediatr. 93:898.
Ozsoylu, S., and Altinoz, N., 1977, Sickle cell anaemia in Turkey, Scand. J. Haematol. 19:85–92.
Pai, G. S., Sprenkle, J. A., Do, T. T., Mareni, C. E., and Migeon, B. R., 1980, Localization of loci for hypoxanthine phosphoriboxyltransferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and biochemical evidence of non-random X chromosome expression from studies of a human X-autosome translocation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2810–2813.
Palmour, R. M., Cronin, J. E., Childs, A., and Grunbaum, B. W., 1980, Studies of primate protein variation and evolution: Microelectrophoretic detection, Biochem. Genet. 18:793–808.
Panich, V., 1973, The occurrence of G-6-PD Union in Thailand, Humangenetik 17:169–171.
Panich, V., 1974, G-6-PD variants in Laotians, Hum. Hered. 24:285–290.
Panich, V., 1980, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Thailand: The occurrence of three electrophoretic variants among 1157 nondeficient males, Hum. Genet. 53:227–228.
Panich, V., 1981, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Part 2: Tropical Asia, Clin. Haematol. 10:800–814.
Panich, V., 1982, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: Genetic heterogeneity in Asia, in: Advances in Red Cell Biology (D. J. Weatherall, G. Fiorelli, and S. Gorino, eds.), pp. 329–338, Raven Press, New York.
Panich, V., and Na-Nakorn, S., 1980a, G-6-PD variants in Thailand, J. Med. Assoc. Thailand 63:537–543.
Panich, V., and Na-Nakorn, S., 1980b, G6PD deficiency in senile cataracts, Hum. Genet. 55:123–124.
Panich, V., and Sungnate, T., 1973, Characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Thailand. The occurrence of 6 variants among 50 G-6-PD deficient Thai, Humangenetik 18:39–46.
Panich, V., Sungnate, T., and Pootrakul, P., 1972, Gilbert’s syndrome associated with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, J. Med. Assoc. Thailand 55:483–491.
Panich, V., Na-Nakorn, S., and Wasi, P. 1980a, G-6-PD variants in Chinese in Thailand, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 11:250–254.
Panich, V., Bumrungtrakul, P., Jitjai, C., Kamolmatayakul, S., Khoprasert, B., Klaisuvan, C., Kongmuang, U., Maneechai, P., Pornpatkul, M., Ruengrairatanoroje, P., Surapruk, P., and Viriyayudhakorn, S., 1980b, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in South Vietnamese, Hum. Hered. 30:361–364.
Panizon, F., 1960, Dimostrazione della anomalia enzimatica nel fegato di soggetti con difetto eritrocitario di glucoso-6-fosfato deidrogenasi, Boll. Soc. Hal. Biol. Sper. 36:106–107.
Panizon, G., Zacchello, F., Sartori, A., and Addis, S., 1970, The ratio between normal and sensitive erythrocytes in heterozygous glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient women, Acta Haematol. 43:291–295.
Patton, J. L., Yong, S. Y., and Myers, P., 1975, Genetic and morphologic divergence among introduced rat populations (Rattus rattus) of the Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador, Syst. Zool. 24:296–310.
Perona, G., Guidi, G. C., Tummarello, D., Mareni, C., Battistuzzi, G., and Luzzatto, L., 1983, A new glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant (G-6-PD Verona) in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome, Scand. J. Haematol. 30:407–414.
Persico, M. G., Toniolo, D., Nobile, C., D’Urso, M., and Luzzatto, L., 1981, cDNA sequences of human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase cloned in pBR322, Nature 294:778–780.
Persico, M., Battistuzzi, G., Mareni, C., Nobile, C., D’Urso, M., Toniolo, D., and Luzzatto, L., 1982, Genetic variants of human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD): Studies of turnover and of G6PD-specific mRNA, in: Advances in Red Cell Biology (D. J. Weatherall, G. Fiorelli, and S. Gorini, eds.), pp. 309–318, Raven Press, New York.
Piazza, A., Belvedere, M. C., Bernoco, D., Conighi, C., Contu, L., Curtoni, E. S., Mattiuz, P. L., Mayer, W., Richiardi, P., Scudeller, G., and Ceppellini, R., 1972, HLA and other genetic polymorphisms in Sardinia in relation to malaria selection, in: Histocompatibility Testing, pp. 73–83, Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
Piomelli, S., and Siniscalco, M., 1969, The haematological effects of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and thalassaemia trait: Interaction between the two genes at the phenotype level, Br. J. Haematol. 16:537–545.
Piomelli, S., Corash, L. M., Davenport, D. D., Miraglia, J., and Amorosi, E. L., 1968, In vivo lability of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Gd A and Gd Mediterranean deficiency, J. Clin. Invest. 47:940–946.
Praharaj, K. C., and Choudhury, U., 1977, Sickle cell anemia and its association with G6-P-D deficiency in Orissa, Ind. Pediatr. 14:279–284.
Prakash, S., 1977, Genetic divergence in closely related sibling species: Drosophila pseudoobscura, Drosophila persimilis and Drosophila miranda, Evolution 31:14–23.
Prchal, J. T., Carroll, A. J., Prchal, J. F., Crist, W. M., Skalka, H. W., Geary, W. J., Harley, J., and Malluh, A., 1980, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Cellular impairments and their implication for carrier detection, Blood 56:1048–1054.
Purrello, M., Nussbaum, R., Rinaldi, A., Filippi G., Traccis, S., Latte, B., and Siniscalco, M., 1984, Old and new genetics help ordering loci at the telomere of the human X-chromosome long arm, Hum. Genet. 65:295–299.
Race, R. R., and Sanger, R., 1975, Blood Groups in Man, 6th ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Ramot, B., Bauminger, S., Brok, F., Gafni, D., and Shwartz, J., 1964, Characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Jewish mutants, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 64:895–904.
Rattazzi, M. C., Lenzerini, L., Khan, P. M., and Luzzatto, L., 1969, Characterization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants. II. G6PD Kephalonia, G6PD Attica, and G6PD “Seattle-like” found in Greece, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 21:154–167.
Rattazzi, M. C., Corash, L. M., Van Zanen, G. E., Jaffe, E. R., and Piomelli, S., 1971, G6PD deficiency and chronic hemolysis: Four new mutants—relationships between clinical syndrome and enzyme kinetics, Blood 38:205–218.
Rawls, J. M., and Lucchesi, J. C., 1974a, Regulation of enzyme activities in Drosophila. I. The detection of regulatory loci by gene dosage response, Genet. Res. 24:59–72.
Rawls, J. M., and Lucchesi, J. C., 1974b, Regulation of enzyme activities in Drosophila. II. Characterization of enzyme responses in aneuploid flies, Genet. Res. 24:73–80.
Reys, L., Manso, C., and Stamatoyannopoulos, G., 1970, Genetic studies on Southeastern Bantu of Mozambique. I. Variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 22:203–215.
Rice-Evans, C., Rush, J., Omorphos, S. C., and Flynn, D. M., 1981, Erythrocyte membrane abnormalities in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency of the Mediterranean and A-types, FEBS Lett. 136:148–152.
Richardson, B. J., Czuppon, A. B., and Sharman, G. B. 1971, Inheritance of G6PD variation in kangaroos, Nature New Biol. 230:154–155.
Riggs, A. D., 1975, X-inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 14:9–25.
Rinaldi, A., Filippi, G., and Siniscalco, M., 1976, Variability of red cell phenotypes between and within individuals in an unbiased sample of 77 certain heterozygotes for G6PD deficiency in Sardinians, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 28:496–505.
Ritte, U., and Pashtan, A., 1982, Extreme levels of genetic variability in two Red Sea Cerithium speciesl (Gasteropoda cerithidae), Evolution 36:403–407.
Romeo, G., and Migeon, B. R., 1975, Stability of X chromosomal inactivation in human somatic cells transformed by SV-40, Humangenetik 29:165–170.
Roose, M. L., and Gottlieb, L. D., 1976, Genetic and biochemical consequences of polyploidy in Tragopogon, Evolution 30:818–830.
Rosenstraus, M., and Chasin, L. A., 1975, Isolation of mammalian cell mutants deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity: Linkage to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:493–497.
Roth, E. F., Jr, Raventos-Suarez, C., Rinaldi, A., and Nagel, R. L., 1983, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency inhibits in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:298–299.
Roux, P., Karabus, C. D., and Hartley, P. S., 1982, The effect of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency on the severity of neonatal jaundice in Cape Town, S. Afr. Med. J. 1982(22 May):781–782.
Rudack Garcia, D., and Holten, D., 1974, Inhibition of rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis by glucagon, J. Biol. Chem. 250:3960–3965.
Ryman, N., Beckman, G., Bruun Petersen, G., and Reuterwall, C., 1977, Variability of red cell enzymes and genetic implications of management policies in Scandinavian moose (Alces alces), Hereditas 85:157–162.
Saha, N., Elamin, F. M., and Samuel, A. P. W., 1983a, Electrophoretic and quantitative studies of red cell G6PD in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the Sudan, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 75B:189–194.
Sana, N., Samuel, A. P. W., Omer, A., and Hoffbrand, A. V., 1983b, The inter- and intratribal distribution of red cell G6PD phenotypes in Sudan, Hum. Hered. 33:39–43.
Sakharova, A. V., Salimova, N. B., and Sakharov, D. A., 1979, Peculiar cells notable for very high activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the mammalian medulla oblongata, a histochemical and electron microscopic study, Neuroscience 4:1173–1177.
Saldanha, P. H., Lebensztajn, B., and Itskan, S. B., 1976, Activity of G6PD among Indians living in a malarial region of Mato Grosso and its implication to the Indian-Mixed populations in Brazil, Hum. Hered. 26:241–251.
Samuel, A. P. W., Saha, A., Omer, A., and Hoffbrand, A. V., 1981, Quantitative expression of G6PD activity of different phenotypes of G6PD and haemoglobin in a Sudanese population, Hum. Hered. 31:110–115.
Sanna, G., Frau, F., Melis, M. A., Galanello, R., De Virgiliis, S. and Cao, A., 1980, Interaction between the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and thalassaemia genes at phenotype level, Br. J. Haematol. 44:555–561.
Sansone, G., Perroni, L., Testa, U., Mareni, C., and Luzzatto, L., 1981, New genetic variants of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in Italy, Ann. Hum. Genet. 45:97–104.
Sarkar, S., Nelson, A. J., and Jones, O. W., 1977, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity of human sperm, J. Med. Genet. 14:250–255.
Savant, S., Parikh, N., and Chhatpar, H. S., 1982, Phosphate mediated regulation of some of the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in Neurospora crassa, Experientia 38:310–312.
Schaerf, F. W., Patz, T., and Max, S. R., 1982, Estrogen modulates neural control of muscle glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, J. Neurochem. 38:1765–1767.
Schilirò, G., Russo, A., Mauro, L., Pizzarelli, G., and Marino, S., 1976, Leukocyte function and characterization of leukocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Sicilian mutants, Pediatr. Res. 10:739–742.
Schilirò, G., Russo, A., Curreri, R., Marino, S., Sciotto, A., and Russo, G., 1979, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Sicily. Incidence, biochemical characteristics and clinical implications, Clin. Genet. 15:183–188.
Schmitt, L. H., 1978, Genetic variation in isolated populations of the Australian bush rat, Rattus fuscipes, Evolution 32:1–14.
Scott, W. A., and Mahoney, E., 1976, Defects of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in Neurospora and their pleiotropic effects, in: Current Topics in Cellular Regulation, Vol. 10 (B. L. Horecker and E. R. Stadtman, eds.), pp. 205–236, Academic Press, New York.
Scozzari, R., Trippa, G., Santachiara-Benerecetti, S. A., Terrenato, L., Iodice, C., and Benincasa, A., 1981, Further genetic heterogeneity of human red cell phosphoglucomutase-1: A non-electrophoretic polymorphism, Ann. Hum. Genet. 45:313–322.
Seecof, R. L., Kaplan, W. D., and Fuch, D. G., 1969, Dosage compensation for enzyme activities in Drosophila melanogaster, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 62:528–535.
Segal, A. W., Cross, A. R., Garcia, R. C., Borregaard, N., Valerius, N. H., Soothill, J. F., and Jones, O. T. G., 1982, Absence of cytochrome b-248 in chronic granulomatous disease: A multicentre European evaluation of its incidence and relevance, N. Engl. J. Med. 308:245–251.
Serov, O. L., Zakijan, S. M., Khlebodarova, T. M., and Korochkin, L. I., 1976, Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus × Vulpes vulpes). I. Comparative electrophoretic studies on blood enzymes and proteins in Arctic and silver foxes, Biochem. Genet. 14:1091.
Serov, O. L., Zakijan, S. M., and Kulichkov, V. A., 1978a, Allelic expression in intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus × Vulpes vulpes). III. Regulation of the expression of the parental alleles at the Gpd locus linked to the X chromosome, Biochem. Genet. 16:145–157.
Serov, O. L., Zakijan, S. M., and Kulichkov, V. A., 1978b, Analysis of mechanisms regulating the expression of parental alleles at the GPD locus in mule erythrocytes, Biochem. Genet. 16:379–386.
Shaklee, J. B., and Tamaru, C. S., 1981, Biochemical and morphological evolution of Hawaian bonefishes (Albula), Syst. Zool. 30:125–146.
Shatskaya, T. L., Krasnopolskaya, K. D., Tzoneva, M., Mavrudieva, M., and Toncheva, D., 1980a, Variants of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in Bulgarian populations, Hum. Genet. 54:115–117.
Shatskaya, T. L., Krasnopolskaya, K. D., and Zakharova, T. V., 1980b, Regularities of distribution of Gd - alleles in Azerbaijan. III. Identification of G6PD mutant forms, Genetica 16:2217–2225.
Shaw, C. R., 1966, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: Homologous molecules in deer mouse and man, Science 153:1013–1015.
Shaw, C. R., and Barto, E., 1965, Autosomally determined polymorphism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Peromyscus, Science 148:1099–1100.
Shreve, D. S., and Levy, H. R., 1980, Kinetic mechanism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the lactating rat mammary gland, J. Biol. Chem. 255:2670–2677.
Sicard, D., Kaplan, J.-C. and Labie, D., 1978, Haemoglobinopathies and G.-6-P.D. deficiency in Laos, Lancet ii:571–572.
Sidell, B. D., Otto, R. G., and Powers, D. A., 1978, A biochemical method for distinction of striped bass and white perch larvae, Copeia 1978:340–343.
Sidi, Y., Aderka, D., Brok-Simoni, G., Benjamin, D., Ramot, B., and Pinkhas, J., 1980, Viral hepatitis with extreme hyperbilirubinemia, massive hemolysis and encephalopathy in a patient with a new G6PD variant, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 16:130–133.
Silagi, S., Darlington, G., and Bruce, S. A., 1969, Hybridization of two biochemically marked human cell lines, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 62:1085–1092.
Silva-Pando, M., Carrion-Angosto, A., and Ruiz-Amil, Y. M., 1978, G6PDH of hepatopancreas of Mejillon, Rev. Espan, Fisiol. (Barcelona) 34:1–8.
Simonsen, V., 1982, Electrophoretic variation in large mammals. II. The red fox, Vulpes vulpes, the stoat, Mustela erminea, the weasel, M. nivalis, the pole cat, M. putorius, the pine marten, Martes martes, the beech marten, Martes martes, the beech marten, M. foina, and the badger, Meles meles, Hereditas 96:299–305.
Simonsen, V., Allendorf, F. W., Eanes, W. F., and Kapel, F. O., 1982a, Electrophoretic variation in large mammals. III. The ringed seal, Pusa hispida, the harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus, and the hooded seal, Cystophora cristata, Heriditas 97:87–90.
Simonsen, V., Bora, E. W., and Kristensen, T., 1982b, Electrophoretic variation in large mammals. IV. The Atlantic walrus, Obodenus rosmarus rosmarus (L), Hereditas 97:91–94.
Siniscalco, M., Filippi, G., and Latte, B., 1964, Recombination between protan and deutan genes; data on their relative positions in respect to the G6PD locus, Nature 204:1062–1064.
Siniscalco, M., Bernini, L., Filippi, G., Latte, B., Khan, P. M., Piomelli, S., and Rattazzi, M., 1966, Population genetics of haemoglobin variants, thalassaemia and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, with particular reference to the malaria hypothesis, Bull. WHO 34:379–393.
Siniscalco, M., Klinger, H. P., Eagle, H., Koprowski, H., Fujimoto, W. Y., and Seegmiller, J. E., 1969, Evidence for intergenic complementation in hybrid cells derived from two human diploid strains each carrying an X-linked mutation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 62:793–799.
Sites, J. W., and Greenbaum, I. F., 1983, Chromosome evolution in the iguanid lizard Sceloporus grammicus. II. Allozyme variation, Evolution 37:54–65.
Skolnick, M. H., and White, R., 1982, Strategies for detecting and characterizing restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP’s), Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 32:58–67.
Smith, J. E., Ryer, K., and Wallace, L., 1976, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a dog, Enzyme 21:379–383.
Snyder, T. P., 1974, Lack of allozymic variability in three bee species, Evolution 28:687–689.
Solanki, D. L., McCurdy, P. R., and MacDermott, R. P., 1982, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A monoclonal disease, Am. J. Hematol 13:159–162.
Stamato, T. D., MacKenzie, L., Pagani, J. M., and Weinstein, R., 1982, Mutagen treatment of single Chinese hamster ovary cells produces colonies mosaic for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, Somat. Cell Genet. 8:643–651.
Stamatoyannopoulos, G., Voigtlander, V., Kotsakis, P., and Akrivakis, A., 1971, Genetic diversity of the “Mediterranean” glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency phenotype, J. Clin. Invest. 50:1253–1261.
Stanbury, J. B., Wyngaarden, J. B., Fredrickson, D. S., Goldstein, J. L., and Brown, M. S., eds., 1983, The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Steele, M. W., 1976, On the evolution of X-chromosome inactivation in mammals and the clinical consequences to man: A hypothesis, Med. Hypotheses 2:195–199.
Steele, M. W., and Migeon, B. R., 1973, Sex difference in activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in fetal lung cells, Biochem. Genet. 9:163–168.
Steele, M. W., Young, W. J., and Childs, B., 1968, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster: Starch gel electrophoretic variation due to molecular instability, Biochem. Genet. 2:159–175.
Steele, M. W., Young, W. J., and Childs, B., 1969, Genetic regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Drosophila melanogaster, Biochem. Genet. 3:359–370.
Steiman, I., Kaufman, S., Zaidman, J. L., and Leiba, H., 1978, Combined glucose phosphate isomerase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency of erythrocytes, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 14:1186–1190.
Steinbach, R. A., Sahm, H., and Schütte, H., 1978, Purification and regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from obligate methanol-utilizing bacterium Methylomonas M15, Eur. J. Biochem. 87:409–415.
Stewart, B. R., and Merriam, J. R., 1974, Segmental aneuploidy and enzyme activity as a method for cytogenetic localization in Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics 76:301–309.
Stewart, B. R., and Merriam, J. R., 1975, Regulation of gene activity by dosage compensation at the chromosomal level in Drosophila, Genetics 79:635–647.
Stewart, B. R., and Merriam, J. R., 1980, Dosage compensation, in: The Genetics and Biology in Drosophila (M. Ashburner and T. R. F. Wright, eds.), Vol. 2, pp. 107–140, Academic Press, New York.
Swanson, L. V., and Barker, K. L., 1983, Antagonistic effects of progesterone on estradiol-induced synthesis and degradation of uterine glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Endocrinology 112:459–465.
Taggart, J., Ferguson, A., and Mason, F. M., 1981, Genetic variation in Irish populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.): Electrophoretic anaysis of allozymes, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 69B:393–412.
Takahashi, K., Fujii, H., Takegawa, S., Tani, K., Hirono, A., Takizawa, T., Kawakatsu, T., and Miwa, S., 1982, A new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant (G6PD Nagano) associated with congenital hemolytic anemia, Hum. Genet. 62:368–370.
Tantravahi, U., Kirschner, D. A., Beauregard, L., Page, L., Kunkel, L., and Latt, S., 1983, Cytologic and molecular analysis of 46,XXq- cells to identity a DNA segment that might serve as a probe for a putative human X chromosome inactivation center, Hum. Genet. 64:33–38.
Tashian, R. E., Brewer, G. J., Lehmann, H., Davies, D. A., and Rucknagel, D. L., 1967, Further studies on Xavante indians. V. Genetic variability in some serum and erythrocyte enzyme, hemoglobin, and the urinary excretion of β-aminoisobutyric acid, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 19:524–531.
Tepperman, H. M., and Tepperman, J., 1963, On the response of hepatic G6PD activity to changes in diet composition and food intake pattern, in: Advances in Enzyme Regulation, Vol. 1 (G. Weber, ed.), pp. 121–136, Pergamon Press, New York.
Tepperman, H. M., and Tepperman, J., 1965, Effect of saturated fat diets on rat liver NADP-linked enzymes, Am. J. Physiol. 209:773–780.
Terrenato, L., 1976, Variabilita genetica in Sardegna, in: Genetica di Popolazioni, Atti Convegni Lincei, Rome, Vol. 14, pp. 187–214.
Terzi, M., Piras, A., and Simi, S., 1978, Generation of variability of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase after explanation in vitro of somatic cells, in: Symposium on Genetics of Somatic Cells, 14th International Congress of Genetics, Moscow.
Testa, U., Meloni, T., Lania, A., Battistuzzi, G., Cutillo, S., and Luzzatto, L., 1980, Genetic heterogeneity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Sardinia, Hum. Genet. 56:99–105.
Teutsch, H. F., and Rieder, H., 1979, NADP-dependent dehydrogenases in rat liver parenchima. II. Comparison of qualitative and quantitative glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase distribution patterns with particular reference to sex differences, Histochemistry 60:43–52.
Theakston, R. D. G., Fletcher, K. A., and Moore, G. A., 1976, Glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities in human erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 70:125–127.
Toncheva, D., Evrev, T., and Tzoneva, M., 1982, G6PD in immature and mature human brain. Electrophoretic and enzyme kinetic studies, Hum. Hered. 32:193–196.
Toniolo, D., Persico, M. G., Battistuzzi, G., and Luzzatto, L., 1984a, Partial purification and characterization of the mRNA for human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Mol. Biol. Med., in press.
Toniolo, D., D’Urso, M., Martini, G., Persico, M., Tufano, V., Battistuzzi, G., and Luzzatto, L., 1984, Specific methylation pattern at the 3′ end of the human housekeeping gene, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, EMBO Journal, 3:1987–1995.
Trager, W., and Jensen, J. B., 1976, Human malaria parasites in continuous culture, Science 193:673–675.
Trujillo, J. M., Waiden, B., O’Neil, P., and Anstall, H. B., 1965, Sex linkage of G6PD in the horse and donkey, Science 148:1603–1604.
Tsukamoto, M., 1974, Differential detection of soluble enzymes specific to a rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei, by electrophoresis on Polyacrylamide gels, Trop. Med. 16:55–69.
Tugwell, P., 1973, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Nigerians with jaundice associated with lobar pneumonia, Lancet i:968–970.
Tunail, N., and Schlegel, H. G., 1972, Phosphoenolpyruvate, a new inhibitor of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 49:1554–1560.
Turner, T. R., 1981, Blood protein variation in a population of Ethiopian Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops), Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 55:225–232.
Tzoneva, M., Boshnakova, E., Mavrudieva, M., Proynova, M., 1975, Widespreading of G6PD deficiency among the populations in some regions of Bulgaria, Acta Med. Bulg. 3:38–43.
Tzoneva, M., Bulanov, A. G., Mavrudieva, M., Lalchev, S., Toncheva, D., and Tanev, D., 1980, Frequency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in relation to altitude: A malaria hypothesis, Bull WHO 58:659–662.
Usanga, E. A., Bienzle, U., Cancedda, R., Fasuan, F. A., Ajayi, O., and Luzzatto, L., 1977, Genetic variants of human erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: New variants in West Africa characterized by column chromatography, Ann. Hum. Genet. Lond. 40:279–286.
Varvio Aho, S., and Pamilo, P., 1979, Genetic differentiation of Gerris lacustris populations, Hereditas 90:237–249.
Venolia, L., and Gartler, S. M., 1983, Comparison of transformation efficiency of human active and inactive X-chromosomal DNA, Nature 302:82–83.
Ventura, A., Panizon, G., Soranzo, M. R., Veneziano, G., Sansone, G., Testa, U., and Luzzatto, L., 1983, Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type II associated with a new type of G6PD deficiency (G6PD Gabrovizza), Acta Haematol. 71:227–234.
Vergnes, H., and Cabannes, R., 1976, Polymorphism of erythrocyte and serum enzyme systems in the Gagu of the Ivory Coast, Ann. Hum. Biol. 3:423–429.
Vergnes, H., Puget, A., and Gouarderas, C., 1974, Comparative study of red cell enzyme polymorphism in the pika and rabbit, Anim. Blood Groups Biochem. Genet. 5:181–188.
Vergnes, H., Gherardi, M., and Bouloux, G., 1975, Erythrocyte giucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the Niokolonko (Malinke of the Niokolo) of Eastern Senegal. Identification of a slow variant with normal activity (Tacoma-like), Hum. Hered. 25:80–87.
Vergnes, H., Sevin, A., Sevin, J., and Jaeger, G., 1979a, Population genetic studies of the Aka Pygmies (Central Africa). A survey of red cell and serum enzymes, Hum. Genet. 48:343–355.
Vergnes, H., Gherardi, M., Lefevre-Witier, P., Jaeger, G., and Benabadji, M., 1979b, Genetic variants of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in a Saharian and Pygmy family, Hum. Hered. 29:50–56.
Vergnes, H., Sevin, A., and Brun, H., 1982, Kinetic characteristics of different glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants and their hemolytic incidence in man, Enzyme 27:204–214.
Vives Corrons, J. L., and Pujades, A., 1982, Heterogeneity of “Mediterranean Type” glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Spain and description of two new variants associated with favism, Hum. Genet. 60:216–221.
Vives Corrons, J. L., Feliu, E., Pujades, M. A., Cardellach, F., Rozman, C., Carreras, A., Jou, J. M., Vallespí, M. T., and Zuazu, F. J., 1982, Severe glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency associated with chronic hemolytic anemia, granulocyte dysfunction, and increased susceptibility to infections: Description of a new molecular variant (G6PD Barcelona), Blood 59:428–433.
Wagner, A. E. and Briscoe, D. A., 1983, An absence of enzyme variability within two species of Trigona (Hymenoptera), Heredity 50:97–103.
Wallace, R. A., 1961, Enzymatic patterns in the developing frog embryo, Dev. Biol. 3:486–515.
Walter, R. D., 1979, Purification and properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leishmania tropica promastigotes, Tropenmed. Parasit. 30:3–8.
Ward, P. S., 1980, Genetic variation and population differentiation in the Rhytidoponera impressa group, a species complex of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera formicidae), Evolution 34:1060–1076.
Welch, S. G., Aidley, D. J., Barry, J. V., Carter, N. D., Culliford, B. J., Huntsman, R. G., Jenkins, G. C., Powell, R. B., and Parr, C. W., 1975, Blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in a population from the Seychelle Islands, Hum. Hered. 25:346–353.
Welch, S. G., McGregor, I. A., and Williams, K., 1978a, A new variant of human erythrocyte G6PD occurring at a high frequency amongst the population of two villages in the Gambia, West Africa, Hum. Genet. 40:305–309.
Welch, S. G., Lee, J., McGregor, I. A., and Williams, K., 1978b, Red cell glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase genotypes of the population of two West African villages, Hum. Genet. 43:315–320.
Werth, G., and Müller, G., 1967, Vererbarer glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenasemangel, Klin. Wochenschr. 45:265–269.
Wild, D., and Hellkuhl, B., 1976, Isolation of mammalian cell mutants deficient in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase by means of a replicating technique, Hum. Genet. 32:315–322.
Willcox, M. C., and Beckman, L., 1981, Haemoglobin variants, β-thalassaemia and G-6-PD types in Liberia, Hum. Hered. 31:339–347.
Williams, C. K. O., Ogunmola, G. B., Abugo, O., Ukaejiofo, E. O., and Esan, G. J. F., 1983, Polycythaemia rubra vera associated with unbalanced expression of the X chromosome and monoclonalen of T lymphocytes, Acta Haematol. 70:229–235.
Williams, C. K. O., Esan, G. J. F., Luzzatto, L., Town, M. -M., and Ogunmola, G. B., 1984, X-linked somatic-cell selection and polycythemia rubra vera, New Engl. J. Med. 310:1265.
Wilson, W. G., Kirkman, H. N., and Clemons, E. H., 1980, Regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. II. Resealed red cell ghosts, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 95:888–896.
Winans, G. A., 1980, Geographic variation in the milkfish Chanos chanos. I. Biochemical evidence, Evolution 34:558–574.
Winberry, L., and Holten, D., 1977, Rat liver G6PD. Dietary induction of the rate of synthesis, J. Biol. Chem. 252:7796–7801.
Wolf, R. E., Jr., Prather, D. M., and Shea, F. M., 1979, Growth rate dependent alteration of 6 phosphogluconate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels in Escherichia coli K 12, J. Bacteriol. 139:1093–1096.
Wright, D. A., 1975, Expression of enzyme phenotypes in hybrid embryos, in: Isozymes. IV. Genetics and Evolution (C. L. Markert, ed.), pp. 649–664, Academic Press, New York.
Wright, D. A., and Shaw, C. R., 1970, Time of expression of genes controlling specific enzymes in Drosophila embryos, Biochem. Genet. 4:385–394.
Wright, D. A., Richards, C. M., and Nace, G. W., 1980, Inheritance of enzymes and blood proteins in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens: The linkage groups established, Biochem. Genet. 18:591–616.
Wurdeman, R., Berdanier, C. D., and Tobin, R. B., 1978, Enzyme overshoot in starvedrefed rats: Role of the adrenal glucocorticoid, J. Nutr. 108:1457–1461.
Yagil, G., Shimron, F., and Hizi, A., 1974, On the mechanism of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase regulation in mouse liver. 1. Characterization of the system, Eur. J. Biochem. 45:189–200.
Yamauchi, T., and Goldberg, E., 1974, Asynchronous expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in splake trout embryos, Dev. Biol. 39:63–68.
Yamauchi, T., Stegeman, J. J., and Goldberg, E., 1975, The effects of starvation and ternperature acclimation on pentose phosphate pathway dehydrogenases in brook trout liver, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 167:13–20.
Yoshida, A., 1967, Human G6PD: Purification and characterization of Negro type variant (A+) and comparison with normal enzyme (B+), Biochem. Genet. 1:81–88.
Yoshida, A., 1970, Amino acid substitution (histidine to tyrosine) in a glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant (G6PD Hektoen) associated with overproduction, J. Mol. Biol. 52:483–490.
Yoshida, A., 1973, Hemolytic anemia and G-6-PD deficiency, Science 179:532–537.
Yoshida, A., 1975, Evolution of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, in: Isozymes. IV. Genetics and Evolution (C. L. Markert, ed.), pp. 853–866, Academic Press, New York.
Yoshida, A., and Beutler, E., 1978, Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants: A supplementary tabulation, Ann. Hum. Genet. Lond. 41:347–355.
Yoshida, A., and Beutler, E., 1983, G-6-PD variants: Another up-date, Ann. Hum. Genet. 47:25–38.
Yoshida, A., Baur, E. W., and Motulsky, A. G., 1970, A Philippino glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant (G6PD Union) with enzyme deficiency and altered substrate specificity, Blood 35:506–513.
Yoshida, A., Beutler, E., and Motulsky, A. G., 1971, Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants, Bull. WHO 45:243–253.
Yoshida, A., Giblett, E. R., and Malcom, L. A., 1973, Heterogeneous distribution of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase variants with enzyme deficiency in the Markham Valley area of New Guinea, Ann. Hum. Genet. 37:145–150.
Young, W. J., 1966, X linked electrophoretic variation in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster, J. Hered. 57:58.
Young, W. J., Porter, J. E., and Childs, B., 1964, G6PD in Drosophila: X linked electrophoretic variants, Science 143:140–141.
Zampella, E. J., Bradley, E. L., and Pretlow, T. G., 1982, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: A possible indicator for prostatic carcinoma, Cancer 49:384–387.
Zavala, C., Hemer, G., and Fialkow, P. J., 1978, Evidence for selection in cultured diploid fibroblast strains, Exp. Cell Res. 117:137–144.
Zera, A. J., 1981, Genetic structure of two species of waterstriders (Gerridae hemiptera) with differing degree of winglessness, Evolution 35:218–225.
Zinkham, W., 1961, A deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in lens from individuals with primaquine-sensitive erythrocytes, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 109:206–210.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Luzzatto, L., Battistuzzi, G. (1985). Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. In: Harris, H., Hirschhorn, K. (eds) Advances in Human Genetics 14. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9400-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9400-0_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9402-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9400-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive