Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Marine Chemosynthetic Symbioses

  • Reference work entry
The Prokaryotes

Introduction

Bacteria and marine eukaryotes often coexist in symbioses that significantly influence the ecology, physiology and evolution of both partners. De Bary (1879) defined symbiosis as “the living together of differently named organisms,” implying that the term encompasses both positive (e.g., mutualism) and negative (e.g., parasitism) associations. Many researchers now view symbiotic interactions as those that persist over the majority of the lifespan of the organisms involved and that provide benefits to each partner beyond those obtained in the absence of association. This chapter describes such symbioses, specifically those between marine invertebrate and protist hosts and chemosynthetic bacterial symbionts.

These bacteria, which cluster primarily within the Gammaproteobacteria (Fig. 1), are chemoautotrophs or methanotrophs. In both chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses, the hosts, through an astonishing array of physiological and behavioral adaptations, provide the...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 700.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature Cited

  • Alt, J. C. 1995 Subseafloor processes in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems In: S. E. Humphris, R. A. Zierenberg, L. S. Mullineaux, and R. E. Thomson (Eds.) Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 91

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, A., J. Childress, and J. Favuzzi. 1987 Net uptake of CO2 driven by sulfide and thiosulfite oxidation in the bacterial symbiont-containing clam Solemya reidi J. Exp. Biol. 133 1–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, C. 1982 The Biochemistry of Methylotrophs Academic Press London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Arp, A. J., J. J. Childress, and C. R. J. Fisher. 1984 Metabolic and blood gas transport characteristics of the hydrothermal vent bivalve Calyptogena magnifica Physiol. Zool. 57 648–662

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arp, A. J., J. J. Childress, and C. R. Fisher. 1985 Blood gas transport in Riftia pachyptila Bull. Biol. Soc. Washington 6 289–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Arp, A. J., J. J. Childress, and R. D. Vetter. 1987 The sulphide-binding protein in the blood of the vestimentiferan tube-worm, Riftia Pachyptila, is the extracellular haemoglobin J. Exp. Biol. 128 139–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailly, X., D. Jollivet, S. Vanin, J. Deutsch, F. Zal, F. Lallier, and A. Toulmond. 2002 Evolution of the sulfide-binding function within the globin multigenic family of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Molec. Biol. Evol. 19 1421–1433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailly, X., R. Leroy, S. Carney, O. Collin, F. Zal, A. Toulmond, and D. Jollivet. 2003 The loss of the hemoglobin H2S-binding function in annelids from sulfide-free habitats reveals molecular adaptation driven by Darwinian positive selection Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 5885–5890

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, J. P., K. R. Buck, R. K. Kochevar, D. C. Nelson, Y. Fujiwara, S. K. Goffredi, and J. Hashimoto. 2002 Methane-based symbiosis in a mussel, Bathymodiolus platifrons, from cold seeps in Sagami Bay, Japan Invertebr. Biol. 121 47–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer-Nebelsick, M., C. F. Bardele, and J. A. Ott. 1996 Electron microscopic studies on Zoothamnium niveum (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1831) Ehrenberg 1838 (Oligohymenophora, Peritrichida), a ciliate with ectosymbiotic, chemoautotrophic bacteria Eur. J. Protistol. 32 202–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, B. A., C. R. Smith, B. Glaser, and H. L. Maybaum. 1994 Faunal community structure of a chemoautotrophic assemblage on whale bones in the deep northeast Pacific Ocean Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 108 205–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergquist, D. C., T. Ward, E. E. Cordes, T. McNelis, S. Howlett, R. Kosoff, S. Hourdez, R. Carney, and C. R. Fisher. 2003 Community structure of vestimentiferan-generated habitat islands from Gulf of Mexico cold seeps J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 289 197–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilyard, G. R., and A. G. Carey. 1980 Zoogeography of Western Beaufort Sea Polychaeta (Annelida) Sarsia 65 19–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, M. B., R. A. Lutz, and R. C. Vrifenhoek. 1994 Gene flow among vestimentiferan tube worm (Riftia pachyptila) populations from hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific Mar. Biol. 120 33–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, M. B., A. Trivedi, P. A. Y. Maas, R. A. Lutz, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 1998 Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms Deep Sea Res. Pt. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 45 365–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boetius, A., and H. Felbeck. 1995 Digestive enzymes in marine-invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and other reducing environments Mar. Biol. 122 105–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch, C., and P. P. Grassé. 1984 Cycle partiel des bactéries chimioautotrophes symbiotiques et eurs rapports avec les bacteriocytes chez Riftia pachyptila Jones (Pogonophore Vestimentifére). II: L'evolution des bactéries symbotiques et des bacteriocytes Comptes Rendus L'Acad. Sci. Ser. III: Sciences de la Vie—Life Sciences 299 413–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Boss, K. J., and R. D. Turner. 1980 The giant white clam from the Galapagos Rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum Malacologia 20 161–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Bright, M., H. Keckeis, and C. R. Fisher. 2000 An autoradiographic examination of carbon fixation, transfer and utilization in the Riftia pachyptila symbiosis Mar. Biol. 136 621–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brigmon, R. L., and C. De Ridder. 1998 Symbiotic relationship of Thiothrix spp. with an echinoderm Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 3491–3495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, J. M., M. C. Kennicutt 2nd, C. R. Fisher, S. A. Macko, K. Cole, J. J. Childress, R. R. Bidigare, and R. D. Vetter. 1987 Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep communities: Evidence for energy and nutritional carbon sources Science 238 1138–1142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buck, K. R., J. P. Barry, and A. G. B. Simpson. 2000 Monterey Bay cold seep biota: Euglenozoa with chemoautotrophic bacterial epibionts Eur. J. Protistol. 36 117–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B. J., J. L. Stein, and S. C. Cary. 2003 Evidence of chemolithoautotrophy in the bacterial community associated with Alvinella pompejana, a hydrothermal vent polychaete Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 5070–5078

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cary, S. C., and S. J. Giovannoni. 1993a Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 5695–5699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cary, S. C., W. Warren, E. Anderson, and S. J. Giovannoni. 1993b Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques Molec. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 2 51–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cary, S. C. 1994 Vertical transmission of a chemoautotrophic aymbiont in the protobranch bivalve, Solemya reidi Molec. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 3 121–130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cary, S. C., M. T. Cottrell, J. L. Stein, F. Camacho, and D. Desbruyères. 1997 Molecular identification and localization of filamentous symbiotic bacteria associated with the hydrothermal vent annelid Alvinella pompejana Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 1124–1130

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M., S. L. Gardiner, M. L. Jones, H. W. Jannasch, and J. B. Waterbury. 1981 Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: Possible chemoautotrophic symbionts Science 213 340–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M. 1983 Symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in marine invertebrates from sulfide-rich habitats Nature 302 58–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M. 1985 Symbioses of chemoautotrophic bacteria and marine invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and reducing sediments Biol. Soc. Wash. Bull. 6 373–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M., P. R. Levering, J. S. Maki, R. Mitchell, and M. E. Lidstrom. 1987 Symbiosis of methylotrophic bacteria and deep-sea mussels Nature 325 346–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M., M. S. Abbott, and M. Veenhuis. 1988 Immunochemical localization of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in the symbiont-containing gills of Solemya velum (Bivalvia:Mollusca) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 7786–7789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M., C. Wirsen, and H. J. Jannasch. 1992 Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia:Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58 3799–3803

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M. 1993 Methanotroph-invertebrate symbioses in the marine environment: Ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular studies In: J. C. Murrell and D. P. Kelly (Eds.) Microbial Growth on C1 Compounds Intercept

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M. 1994 Microbial symbiosis: Patterns of diversity in the marine environment Am. Zool. 34 79–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M., and J. J. Robinson. 1996 CO2 fixation in chemoautotroph-invertebrate symbioses: Expression of Form I and Form II RuBisCO In: M. E. Lidstrom and F. R. Tabita (Eds.) Microbial Growth on C1 Compounds Kluwer Dordrecht, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X. A., S. Li, and S. Aksoy. 1999 Concordant evolution of a symbiont with its host insect species: Molecular phylogeny of genus Glossina and its bacteriome-associated endosymbiont, Wigglesworthia glossinidia J. Molec. Evol. 48 49–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Childress, J. J., C. R. Fisher, J. M. Brooks, M. C. Kennicutt 2nd, R. Bidigare, and A. E. Anderson. 1986 A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: Mussels fueled by gas Science 233 1306–1308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Childress, J. J., C. R. Fisher, J. A. Favuzzi, R. E. Kochevar, N. K. Sanders, and A. M. Alayse. 1991 Sulfide-driven autotrophic balance in the bacterial symbiont-containing hydrothermal vent tubeworm, Riftia pachyptila Jones Biol. Bull. 180 135–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Childress, J. J., and C. R. Fisher. 1992 The biology of hydrothermal vent animals: Physiology, biochemistry, and autotrophic symbioses Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 30 337–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Childress, J. J., R. W. Lee, N. K. Sanders, H. Felbeck, D. R. Oros, A. Toulmond, D. Desbruyères, M. C. Kennicutt, and J. Brooks. 1993 Inorganic carbon uptake in hydrothermal vent tubeworms facilitated by high environmental pCO2 Nature 362 147–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CoBabe, E. A. 1991 Lucinid Bivalve Evolution and the Detection of Chemosymbiosis in the Fossil Record [PhD thesis] Harvard University Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Colaco, A., F. Dehairs, and D. Desbruyères. 2002 Nutritional relations of deep-sea hydrothermal fields at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: A stable isotope approach Deep Sea Res. Pt. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 49 395–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, N., J. Capuzzo, and B. Fry. 1989 The role of endosymbiotic bacteria in the nutrition of Solemya velum: Evidence from a stable isotope analysis of endosymbionts and hosts Limnol. Oceanogr. 34 249–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, N., and J. M. Capuzzo. 1991 Incorporation and utilization of bacterial lipids in the Solemya velum symbiosis Mar. Biol. 108 277–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, N. M., and J. E. M. Capuzzo. 1992a High taurine levels in the Solemya velum symbiosis Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Molec. Biol. 102 175–185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, N., M. C. Kennicutt, and C. L. Van Dover. 1992b Stable isotopes in the study of marine chemosynthesis-based ecosystems In: K. Lajtha and R. Michener (Eds.) Stable Isotopes in Ecology Blackwell Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Corliss, J. B., J. Dymond, L. I. Gordon, J. M. Edmond, R. P. V. Herzen, R. D. Ballard, K. Green, D. Williams, A. Bainbridge, K. Crane, and T. H. Van Andel. 1979 Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift Science 203 1073–1083

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock, C., W. R. Hoeh, R. A. Lutz, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 1995 Extensive gene flow among mytilid (Bathymodiolis thermophilus) populations from hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific Mar. Biol. 124 137–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, C., B. Wang, N. Moran, and H. Ochman. 2003 Loss of DNA recombinational repair enzymes in the initial stages of genome degeneration Molec. Biol. Evol. 20 1188–1194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dando, P. R., and A. J. Southward. 1986 Chemoautotrophy in the bivalve molluscs of the genus Thyasira J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 66 915–929

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dando, P. R., and B. Spiro. 1993 Varying nutritional dependence of the thyasirid bivalves Thyasira sarsi and T. equalis on chemoautotrophic symbiotic bacteria, demonstrated by isotope ratios of tissue carbon and shell carbonate Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 92 151–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Bary, A. 1879 Die Erscheinung der Symbiose Verlag von Karl J. Trubner Strasburg, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • de Burgh, M. E., and C. L. Singla. 1984 Bacterial colonization and endocytosis on the gill of a new limpet species from a hydrothermal vent Mar. Biol. 84 1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Burgh, M. E., S. K. Juniper, and C. L. Singla. 1989 Bacterial symbiosis in northeast Pacific vestimentifera—a TEM study Mar. Biol. 101 97–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Cian, M. C., A. C. Andersen, X. Bailly, and F. H. Lallier. 2003a Expression and localization of carbonic anhydrase and ATPases in the symbiotic tubeworm Riftia pachyptila J. Exp. Biol. 206 399–409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Cian, M. C., X. Bailly, J. Morales, J. M. Strub, A. Van Dorsselaer, and F. H. Lallier. 2003b Characterization of carbonic anhydrases from Riftia pachyptila, a symbiotic invertebrate from deep-sea hydrothermal vents Prot. Struct. Funct. Genet. 51 327–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Degnan, P. H., A. B. Lazarus, C. D. Brock, and J. J. Wernegreen. 2004 Host-symbiont stability and fast evolutionary rates in an ant-bacterium association: Cospeciation of Camponotus species and their endosymbionts, Candidatus blochmannia System. Biol. 53 95–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeNiro, M. J., and S. Epstein. 1979 Relationship between the oxygen isotope ratios of terrestrial plant cellulose, carbon dioxide, and water Science 204 51–53

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desbruyères, D., F. Gaill, L. Laubier, D. Prieur, and G. H. Rau. 1983 Unusual nutrition of the “Pompeii worm” Alvinella pompejana (polychaetous annelid) from a hydrothermal vent environment: SEM, TEM, 13C and 15N evidence Mar. Biol. 75 201–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desbruyères, D., F. Gaill, L. Laubier, and Y. Fouquet. 1985 Polychaetous annelids from hydrothermal vent ecosystems: An ecological overview Biol. Soc. Wash. Bull. 6 103–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, A. G., and F. J. Millero. 1987 A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media Deep Sea Res. Pt. A Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 34 1733–1743

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Meo, C. A., A. E. Wilbur, W. E. Holben, R. A. Feldman, R. C. Vrijenhoek, and S. C. Cary. 2000 Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 651–658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Distel, D. L., and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1994 Independent phylogenetic origins of methanotrophic and chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbioses in marine bivalves J. Bacteriol. 176 1932–1938

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Distel, D. L., H. K. W. Lee, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1995 Intracellular coexistence of methano-and thioautotrophic bacteria in a hydrothermal vent mussel Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 9598–9602

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Distel, D. 1998 Evolution of chemoautotrophic endosymbioses in bivalves BioScience 48 277–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubilier, N., O. Giere, and M. K. Grieshaber. 1995 Morphological and ecophysiological adaptations of the marine oligochaete Tubificoides benedii to sulfidic sediments Am. Zool. 35 163–173

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubilier, N., R. Windoffer, and O. Giere. 1998 Ultrastructure and stable carbon isotope composition of the hydrothermal vent mussels Bathymodiolus brevior and B. sp. affinis brevior from the North Fiji Basin, western Pacific Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 165 187–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubilier, N., R. Amann, C. Erseus, G. Muyzer, S. Y. Park, O. Giere, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1999 Phylogenetic diversity of bacterial endosymbionts in the gutless marine oligochete Olavius loisae (Annelida) Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 178 271–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubilier, N., C. Mulders, T. Ferdelman, D. de Beer, A. Pernthaler, M. Klein, M. Wagner, C. Erseus, F. Thiermann, J. Krieger, O. Giere, and R. Amann. 2001 Endosymbiotic sulphate-reducing and sulphide-oxidizing bacteria in an oligochaete worm Nature 411 298–302

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dufour, S. C., and H. Felbeck. 2003 Sulphide mining by the superextensile foot of symbiotic thyasirid bivalves Nature 426 65–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunton, K. 1992 Arctic biogeography: The paradox of the marine benthic fauna and flora Trends Ecol. Evol. 7 183–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duperron, S., T. Nadalig, J. Caprais, M. Sibuet, A. Fiala-Medioni, R. Amann, and N. Dubilier. 2004 Dual symbiosis in a Bathymodiolus mussel from a methane seep on the Gabon continental margin (South East Atlantic): 16S rRNA phylogeny and distribution of the symbionts in the gills Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(4) 1694–1700

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand, P., and O. Gros. 1996a Bacterial host specificity of Lucinacea endosymbionts: Interspecific variation in 16S rRNA sequences FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 140 193–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durand, P., O. Gros, L. Frenkiel, and D. Prieur. 1996b Phylogenetic characterization of sulfur-oxidizing bacterial endosymbionts in three tropical Lucinidae by 16S rDNA sequence analysis Molec. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 5 37–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dykhuizen, D. E., and L. Green. 1991 Recombination in Escherichia coli and the definition of biological species J. Bacteriol. 173 7257–7268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elderfield, H., and A. Schultz. 1996 Mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 24 191–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elsaied, H., H. Kimura, and T. Naganuma. 2002 Molecular characterization and endosymbiotic localization of the gene encoding D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) form II in the deep-sea vestimentiferan trophosome Microbiology 148 1947–1957

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endow, K., and S. Ohta. 1989 The symbiotic relationship between bacteria and the mesogastropod snail, Alviniconcha hessleri, collected from hydrothermal vents of the Mariana back-arc basin Bull. Jpn. Soc. Microb. Ecol. 3 73–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endow, K., and S. Ohta. 1990 Occurrence of bacteria in the primary oocytes of vesicomyid clam Calyptogena soyoae Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 64 309–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felbeck, H. 1981a Chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (Vestimentifera) Science 213 336–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felbeck, H., J. J. Childress, and G. N. Somero. 1981b Calvin-Benson cycle and sulfide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulfide-rich habitats Nature 293 291–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felbeck, H. 1983a Sulfide oxidation and carbon fixation by the gutless clam Solemya reidi: An animal-bacteria symbiosis J. Comp. Physiol. 152 3–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felbeck, H., G. Liebezeit, R. Dawson, and O. Giere. 1983b CO2 fixation in tissues of marine oligochaetes (Phallodrilus leukodermatus and P. planus) containing symbiotic, chemoautotrophic bacteria Mar. Biol. 75 187–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felbeck, H. 1985 CO2 fixation in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila (Jones) Physiol. Zool. 58 272–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Felbeck, H., and D. L. Distel. 1991 Prokaryotic symbionts of marine invertebrates In: A. Balows, H. G. Truper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder, and K.-H. Schleifer (Eds.) The Prokaryotes Springer-Verlag New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Felbeck, H., and P. J. Turner. 1995 CO2 transport in catheterized hydrothermal vent tubeworms, Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera) J. Exp. Zool. 272 95–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Felbeck, H., and J. Jarchow. 1998 Carbon release from purified chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Physiol. Zool. 71 294–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felbeck, H., C. Arndt, U. Hentschel, and J. J. Childress. 2004 Experimental application of vascular and coelomic catheterization to identify vascular transport mechanisms for inorganic carbon in the vent tubeworm, Riftia pachyptila Deep Sea Res. Pt. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 51 401–411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R., M. Black, C. Cary, R. Lutz, and R. Vrijenhoek. 1997 Molecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts Molec. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 6 268–277

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenchel, T., and B. J. Finlay. 1989 Kentrophoros—a mouthless ciliate with a symbiotic kitchen garden Ophelia 30 75–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiala-Médioni, A. 1984 Ultrastructural evidence of abundance of intracellular symbiotic bacteria in the gill of bivalve mollusks of deep hydrothermal vents Comptes Rendus L'Acad. Sci. Ser. III Sciences de la Vie—Life Sciences 298 487–492

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiala-Médioni, A., J. Boulègue, S. Ohta, H. Felbeck, and A. Mariotti. 1993 Source of energy sustaining the Calyptogena populations from deep trenches in subduction zones off Japan Deep Sea Res. 40 1241–1258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiala-Médioni, A., J.-C. Michalski, J. Jollès, C. Alonso, and J. Montreuil. 1994 Lysosomic and lysozyme activities in the gill of bivalves from deep hydrothermal vents Comptes Rendus L'Acad. Sci. Ser. III Sciences de la Vie—Life Sciences 317 239–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiala-Médioni, A., Z. P. McKiness, P. Dando, J. Boulegue, A. Mariotti, A. M. Alayse-Danet, J. J. Robinson, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 2002 Ultrastructural, biochemical, and immunological characterization of two populations of the mytilid mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Evidence for a dual symbiosis Mar. Biol. 141 1035–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. R., and J. J. Childress. 1986 Translocation of fixed carbon from symbiotic bacteria to host tissues in the gutless bivalve, Solemya reidi Mar. Biol. 93 59–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C., J. Childress, A. Arp, J. Brooks, D. Distel, J. Favuzzi, H. Felbeck, R. Hessler, K. Johnson, M. Kennicut 2nd, S. Macko, A. Newton, M. Powell, G. Somero, and T. Soto. 1988 Microhabitat variation in the hydrothermal vent mussel, Bathymodiolus thermophilus, at the Rose Garden vent on the Galapagos Rift Deep Sea Res. 35 1769–1791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. R. 1990 Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates Rev. Aquat. Sci. 2 399–436

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. R., and J. J. Childress. 1992 Organic carbon transfer from methanotrophic symbionts to the host hydrocarbon seep mussel Symbiosis 12 221–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. R. 1993a Oxidation of methane by deep-sea mytilids in the Gulf of Mexico In: R. S. Oremland (Ed.) Biogeochemistry of Global Change: Radiatively Active Trace Gases Chapman and Hall New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. R., J. M. Brooks, J. S. Vodenichar, J. M. Zande, J. J. Childress, and R. A. Burke Jr. 1993b The co-occurrence of methanotrophic and chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts in a deep-sea mussel Marine Ecology Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica Di Napoli I 14 277–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. R., J. J. Childress, S. A. Macko, and J. M. Brooks. 1994 Nutritional interactions in Galapagos Rift hydrothermal vent communities: Inferences from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 103 45–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. R. 1995 Toward an appreciation of hydrothermal vent animals: Their environment, physiological ecology, and tissue stable isotope values In: Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions American Geophysical Union

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, C. R. 1996 Ecophysiology of primary production at deep-sea vents and seeps Biosystem. Ecol. Ser. 11 313–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M., S. K. Juniper, and H. Vali. 2002 Chemoautotrophy as a possible nutritional source in the hydrothermal vent limpet Lepetodrilus fucensis Cahiers Biol. Mar. 43 371–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Freytag, J. K., P. R. Girguis, D. C. Bergquist, J. P. Andras, J. J. Childress, and C. R. Fisher. 2001 A paradox resolved: Sulfide acquisition by roots of seep tubeworms sustains net chemoautotrophy Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 13408–13413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, B., H. Gest, and J. M. Hayes. 1983 Sulfur isotopic compositions of deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals Nature 306 51–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, B., and E. B. Sherr. 1984 δ13C measurements as indicators of carbon flow in marine and freshwater ecosystems Contrib. Mar. Sci. 27 13–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujio, S. Z., and N. Imasato. 1991 Diagnostic calculation for circulation and water mass movement in the deep Pacific J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 96 759–774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, Y., C. Kato, N. Masui, K. Fujikura, and S. Kojima. 2001 Dual symbiosis in the cold-seep thyasirid clam Maorithyas hadalis from the hadal zone in the Japan Trench, western Pacific Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 214 151–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, Y., and K. Uematsu. 2002 Microdistribution of two endosymbionts in gill tissue from a hadal thyasirid clam Maorithyas hadalis Cahiers Biol. Mar. 43 341–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Fustec, A., D. Desbruyères, and S. K. Juniper. 1987 Deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise: Microdistribution and temporal variations Biol. Oceanogr. 4 121–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Gearing, J. N., P. J. Gearing, D. T. Rudnick, A. G. Requejo, and M. J. Hutchins. 1984 Isotopic variability of organic-carbon in a phytoplankton-based, temperate estuary Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 1089–1098

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giere, O. 1981 The gutless marine oligochaete Phallodrilus leukodermatus: Structural studies on an aberrant tubificid associated with bacteria Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 5 353–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giere, O. 1985 The gutless marine tubificid Phallodrilus planus, a flattened oligochaete with symbiotic bacteria Zool. Scripta 14 279–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giere, O., and C. Langheld. 1987 Structural organization, transfer and biological fate of endosymbiotic bacteria in gutless oligochaetes Mar. Biol. 93 641–650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giere, O., and J. Krieger. 2001 A triple bacterial endosymbiosis in a gutless oligochaete (Annelida): Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evidence Invertebr. Biol. 120 41–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girguis, P. R., R. W. Lee, N. Desaulniers, J. J. Childress, M. Pospesel, H. Felbeck, and F. Zal. 2000 Fate of nitrate acquired by the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 2783–2790

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girguis, P. R., J. J. Childress, J. K. Freytag, K. Klose, and R. Stuber. 2002 Effects of metabolite uptake on proton-equivalent elimination by two species of deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworm, Riftia pachyptila and Lamellibrachia cf luymesi: Proton elimination is a necessary adaptation to sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic symbionts J. Exp. Biol. 205 3055–3066

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glockner, F. O., H. D. Babenzien, J. Wulf, and R. Amann. 1999 Phylogeny and diversity of Achromatium oxaliferum System. Appl. Microbiol. 22 28–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goericke, R., J. P. Montoya, and B. Fry. 1994 Physiology of isotopic fractionation in algae and cyanobacteria In: K. Lajtha and R. H. Michener (Eds.) Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science Blackwell Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffredi, S. K., J. J. Childress, N. T. Desaulniers, and F. H. Lallier. 1997a Sulfide acquisition by the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila appears to be via uptake of HS−, rather than H2S J. Exp. Biol. 200 2069–2616

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffredi, S. K., J. J. Childress, N. T. Desaulniers, R. W. Lee, F. H. Lallier, and D. Hammond. 1997b Inorganic carbon acquisition by the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila depends upon high external pCO2 and upon proton-equivalent ion transport by the worm J. Exp. Biol. 200 883–896

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goffredi, S. K., J. J. Childress, F. H. Lallier, and N. T. Desaulniers. 1999 The ionic composition of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila: Evidence for the elimination of SO4 2− and H+ and for a Cl−/HCO3− shift Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 72 296–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goffredi, S. K., and J. J. Childress. 2001 Activity and inhibitor sensitivity of ATPases in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila: A comparative approach Mar. Biol. 138 259–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grassle, J. F. 1985 Hydrothermal vent animals: Distribution and biology Science 229 713–717

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, N. D., R. Howarth, A. Rowan, R. W. Pickup, J. G. Jones, and I. M. Head. 1999 Natural communities of Achromatium oxaliferum comprise genetically, morphologically, and ecologically distinct subpopulations Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 5089–5099

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grieshaber, M. K., and S. Volkel. 1998 Animal adaptations for tolerance and exploitation of poisonous sulfide Ann. Rev. Physiol. 60 33–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gros, O., A. Darrasse, P. Durand, L. Frenkiel, and M. Moueza. 1996 Environmental transmission of a sulfur-oxidizing bacterial gill endosymbiont in the tropical lucinid bivalve Codakia orbicularis Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 2324–2330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gros, O., P. De Wulf-Durand, L. Frenkiel, and M. Moueza. 1998 Putative environmental transmission of sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts in tropical lucinid bivalves inhabiting various environments FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 160 257–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gros, O., M. Liberge, and H. Felbeck. 2003a Interspecific infection of aposymbiotic juveniles of Codakia orbicularis by various tropical lucinid gill endosymbionts Mar. Biol. 142 57–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Gros, O., M. Liberge, A. Heddi, C. Khatchadourian, and H. Felbeck. 2003b Detection of the free-living forms of sulfide-oxidizing gill endosymbionts in the lucinid habitat (Thalassia testudinum environment) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 6264–6267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, R. G., and R. G. B. Reid. 1988 Association of bacteria with larvae of the gutless protobranch bivalve Solemya reidi (Cryptodonta, Solemyidae) Mar. Biol. 97 389–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hand, S. C. 1987 Trophosome ultrastructure and the characterization of isolated bacteriocytes from invertebrate-sulfur bacteria symbioses Biol. Bull. 173 260–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Head, I. M., N. D. Gray, K. J. Clarke, R. W. Pickup, and J. G. Jones. 1996 The phylogenetic position and ultrastructure of the uncultured bacterium Achromatium oxaliferum Microbiol. SGM 142 2341–2354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hentschel, U., and H. Felbeck. 1993a Nitrate respiration in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Nature 366 338–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hentschel, U., S. C. Cary, and H. Felbeck. 1993b Nitrate respiration in chemoautotrophic symbionts of the bivalve Lucinoma aequizonata Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 94 35–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herry, A., and M. Le Pennec. 1987 Endosymbiotic bacteria in the gills of the littoral bivalve molluscs Thyasira flexuosa (Thyasiridae) and Lucinella divaricata (Lucinidae) Symbiosis 4 25–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. S., H. Felbeck, and J. L. Stein. 1997 A histidine protein kinase homolog from the endosymbiont of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 3494–3498

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D. S., H. Felbeck, and J. L. Stein. 1998 Signal transduction and motility genes from the bacterial endosymbionts of Riftia pachyptila Cahiers Biol. Mar. 39 305–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Humes, A. G., and R. A. Lutz. 1994 Aphotopontius acanthinus, new species (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida), from deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise J. Crustac. Biol. 14 337–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. 1992 Structure and composition of the shell of the archaeogastropod limpet Lepetodrilus elevatus-elevatus (Mclean, 1988) Malacologia 34 129–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado, L. A. 2002 Evolution and Biogeography of Hydrothermal Vent Organisms in the Eastern Pacific Ocean [PhD thesis] Rutgers University New Brunswick, NC

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado, L. A., M. Mateos, R. A. Lutz, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 2003 Coupling of bacterial endosymbiont and host mitochondrial genomes in the hydrothermal vent clam Calyptogena magnifica Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 2058–2064

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, D. K., and D. R. Lindberg. 1998 Oxygen and evolutionary patterns in the sea: Onshore/offshore trends and recent recruitment of deep-sea faunas Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 9396–9401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. S., J. J. Childress, R. R. Hessler, C. M. Sakamoto-Arnold, and C. L. Beehler. 1988 Chemical and biological interactions in the Rose Garden hydrothermal vent field, Galapagos spreading center Deep Sea Res. 35 1723–1744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M., M. Diouris, and M. Le Pennec. 1994 Endosymbiotic bacterial contribution in the carbon nutrition of Loripes lucinalis (Mollusca: Bivalvia) Symbiosis 17 1–13

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. L. 1981 Riftia pachyptila Jones: Observations on the vestimentiferan worm from the Galapagos Rift Science 213 333–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. L., and S. L. Gardiner. 1985 Light and scanning electron microscope studies of spermatogenesis in the vestimentiferan tube worm Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora: Obturata) Trans. Am. Microscop. Soc. 104 1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, B. B., and J. R. Postgate. 1982 Ecology of the bacteria of the sulfur cycle with special reference to anoxic oxic interface environments Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 298 543–561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joyner, J. L., S. M. Peyer, and R. W. Lee. 2003 Possible roles of sulfur-containing amino acids in a chemoautotrophic bacterium-mollusc symbiosis Biol. Bull. 205 331–338

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julian, D., F. Gaill, E. Wood, A. J. Arp, and C. R. Fisher. 1999 Roots as a site of hydrogen sulfide uptake in the hydrocarbon seep vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia sp J. Exp. Biol. 202 2245–2257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karl, S. A., S. Schutz, D. Desbruyères, R. Lutz, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 1996 Molecular analysis of gene flow in the hydrothermal vent clam (Calyptogena magnifica) Molec. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 5 193–202

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennicutt, M. C., R. A. Burke, I. R. MacDonald, J. M. Brooks, G. J. Denoux, and S. A. Macko. 1992 Stable isotope partitioning in seep and vent organisms: Chemical and ecological significance Chem. Geol. 101 293–310

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennish, M. J., and R. A. Lutz. 1999 Calcium carbonate dissolution rates in deep-sea bivalve shells on the East Pacific Rise at 21°N: Results of an 8-year in situ experiment Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 154 293–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, M., and G. H. Weiss. 1964 The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance Genetics 49 561–576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kochevar, R. E., and J. J. Childress. 1996 Carbonic anhydrase in deep-sea chemoautotrophic symbioses Mar. Biol. 125 375–383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, J., O. Giere, and N. Dubilier. 2000 Localization of RubisCO and sulfur in endosymbiotic bacteria of the gutless marine oligochaete Inanidrilus leukodermatus (Annelida) Mar. Biol. 137 239–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, D. M. 1996a Ecology and Evolution of Solemya spp., Marine Bivalves Living in Symbiosis with Chemoautotrophic Bacteria [PhD thesis] Harvard University Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, D. M., N. Dubilier, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1996b Chemoautotrophic symbiosis in the tropical solemyid Solemya occidentalis (Bivalvia: Protobranchia): Ultrastructural and phylogenetic analysis Mar. Biol. 126 55–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, D. M., and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1997 Phylogenetic diversity of bacterial symbionts of Solemya hosts based on comparative sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 91–98

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lalou, C., and E. Brichet. 1982 Ages and implications of East Pacific Rise sulfide deposits at 21°N Nature 300 169–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laubier, L. 1989 Ecosystèmes benthiques profonds et chimiosynthèse bactérienne: Sources hydrothermales et suintement froids [Deep benthic ecosystems and bacterial chemosynthesys: Hydrothermal wells and cold seepages] In: M. Denis (Ed.) Oceanology: Today and in the Near Future

    Google Scholar 

  • Laue, B. E., and D. C. Nelson. 1994 Characterization of the gene encoding the autotrophic ATP sulfurylase from the bacterial endosymbiont of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila J. Bacteriol. 176 3723–3729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laue, B. E., and D. C. Nelson. 1997 Sulfur-oxidizing symbionts have not co-evolved with their hydrothermal vent tubeworm hosts: An RFLP analysis Molec. Mar. Biol. Biotechnol. 6 180–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R., and J. Childress. 1994 Assimilation of inorganic nitrogen by marine invertebrates and their chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbionts Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 1852–1858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. W., J. J. Childress, and N. T. Desaulniers. 1997 The effects of exposure to ammonia on ammonia and taurine pools of the symbiotic clam Solemya reidi J. Exp. Biol. 200 2797–2805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. W., J. J. Robinson, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1999 Pathways of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in chemoautotrophic bacteria-marine invertebrate symbioses: Expression of host and symbiont glutamine synthetase J. Exp. Biol. 202 289–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Pennec, M., and A. Hily. 1984 Anatomy, structure and ultrastructure of the gill of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent mytilid Oceanol. Acta 7 517–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, B. R., and C. T. Bergstrom. 2000 Bacteria are different: Observations, interpretations, speculations, and opinions about the mechanisms of adaptive evolution in prokaryotes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 6981–6985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, L. A., and R. H. Michener. 2002 Isotopic evidence for chemosynthesis-based nutrition of macrobenthos: The lightness of being at Pacific methane seeps Limnol. Oceanogr. 47 1336–1345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., C. Kato, and K. Horikoshi. 1999 Microbial diversity in sediments collected from the deepest cold-seep area, the Japan Trench Mar. Biotechnol. 1 391–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilley, M. D., D. A. Butterfield, E. J. Olson, J. E. Lupton, S. A. Macko, and R. E. McDuff. 1993 Anomalous CH4 and NH4+ concentrations at an unsedimented mid-ocean-ridge hydrothermal system Nature 364 45–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, C. T. S., R. J. Herrington, V. V. Maslennikov, N. J. Morris, and V. V. Zaykov. 1997 Silurian hydrothermal-vent community from the southern Urals, Russia Nature 385 146–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, C. L. 2002 The fossil record of hydrothermal vent communities Cahiers Biol. Mar. 43 313–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, C. T. S., and I. H. Thorseth. 2002 Hydrothermal vent microbial communities: A fossil perspective Cahiers Biol. Mar. 43 317–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Little, C. T. S., and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 2003 Are hydrothermal vent animals living fossils? Trends Ecol. Evol. 18 582–588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, C. T. S., T. Danelian, R. J. Herrington, and R. M. Haymon. 2004 Early Jurassic hydrothermal vent community from the Franciscan Complex, California J. Paleontol. 78 542–559

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdale, P. 1977 Clustering of suspension-feeding macrobenthos near abyssal hydrothermal vents at oceanic spreading centers Deep Sea Res. 24 857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Garcia, P., F. Gaill, and D. Moreira. 2002 Wide bacterial diversity associated with tubes of the vent worm Riftia pachyptila Environ. Microbiol. 4 204–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luther, G. W. I., T. F. Rozan, M. Taillefert, D. B. Nuzzio, C. Di Meo, T. M. Shank, R. A. Lutz, and S. C. Cary. 2001 Chemical speciation drives hydrothermal vent ecology Nature 410 813–816

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, R. A., D. Jablonski, D. C. Rhoads, and R. D. Turner. 1980 Larval dispersal of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent bivalve from the Galapagos Rift Mar. Biol. 57 127–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacAvoy, S. E., S. A. Macko, and S. B. Joye. 2002 Fatty acid carbon isotope signatures in chemosynthetic mussels and tubeworms from Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon seep communities Chem. Geol. 185 1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, A. G., L. S. Mullineaux, C. M. Young, and D. T. Manahan. 2001 Larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila at deep-sea hydrothermal vents Nature 411 77–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, A. G., and V. Tunnicliffe. 1998 Relics and antiquity revisited in the modern vent fauna In: R. Mills and K. Harrison (Eds.) Modern Ocean Floor Processes and the Geological Record Geological Society of London London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • McKiness, Z. P. 2004 Evolution of Endosymbioses in Deep-sea Bathymodioline Mussels (Mollusca:Bivalvia) [PhD thesis] Harvard University Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • McMullin, E. R., S. Hourdez, S. W. Schaeffer, and C. R. Fisher. 2003 Phylogeny and biogeography of deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworms and their bacterial symbionts Symbiosis 34 1–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Metivier, B., and R. Voncosel. 1993 Acharax alinae n sp., a giant solemyid (Mollusca, Bivalvia) from the Lau Basin Comptes Rendus L'Acad. Sci. Ser. III Sciences de la Vie—Life Sciences 316 229–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Michener, R. H., and D. M. Schell. 1994 Stable isotope ratios as tracers in marine aquatic food webs In: K. Lajtha and R. H. Michener (Eds.) Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science Blackwell Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Millero, F. J., T. Plese, and M. Fernandez. 1987 The dissociation of hydrogen-sulfide in seawater Limnol. Oceanogr. 33 269–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millikan, D. S., H. Felbeck, and J. L. Stein. 1999 Identification and characterization of a flagellin gene from the endosymbiont of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 3129–3133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minagawa, M., and E. Wada. 1984 Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains—further evidence and the relationship between delta 15N and animal age Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 1135–1140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minic, Z., V. Simon, B. Penverne, F. Gaill, and G. Herve. 2001 Contribution of the bacterial endosymbiont to the biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in the deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila J. Biol. Chem. 276 23777–23784

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minic, Z., and G. Herve. 2003 Arginine metabolism in the deep-sea tube worm Riftia pachyptila and its bacterial endosymbiont J. Biol. Chem. 278 40527–40533

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mira, A., and N. A. Moran. 2002 Estimating population size and transmission bottlenecks in maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria Microb. Ecol. 44 137–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miura, T., M. Nedachi, and A. Hashimoto. 2002 Sulphur sources for chemoautotrophic nutrition of shallow water vestimentiferan tubeworms in Kagoshima Bay J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 82 537–540

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, N., and P. Baumann. 1994 Phylogenetics of cytoplasmically inherited microorganisms of arthropods Trends Ecol. Evol. 9 15–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, N. A. 1996 Accelerated evolution and Muller's rachet in endosymbiotic bacteria Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 2873–2878

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, N. A. 2003 Tracing the evolution of gene loss in obligate bacterial symbionts Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6 512–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, H. J. 1964 The relation of recombination to mutational advance Mut. Res. 1 2–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullineaux, L. S., P. H. Wiebe, and E. T. Baker. 1995 Larvae of benthic invertebrates in hydrothermal vent plumes over Juan de Fuca Ridge Mar. Biol. 122 585–596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullineaux, L. S., K. G. Speer, A. M. Thurnherr, M. E. Maltrud, and A. Vangriesheim. 2002 Implications of cross-axis flow for larval dispersal along mid-ocean ridges Cahiers Biol. Mar. 43 281–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, D., and C. Fisher. 1995a Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria at deep-sea vents and seeps In: D. Karl (Ed.) Microbiology of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents CRC Press Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, D. C., K. D. Hagen, and D. B. Edwards. 1995b The gill symbiont of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus is a psychrophilic, chemo-autotrophic, sulfur bacterium Mar. Biol. 121 487–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, K., and C. R. Fisher. 2000 Absence of cospeciation in deep-sea vestimentiferan tubeworms and their bacterial endosymbionts Symbiosis 28 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemczuk, K., and M. Kondracki. 2004 Q fever as zoonosis Medycyna Weterynaryjna 60 129–131

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, J., and R. D. Vetter. 1990 Production of thiosulphate during sulphide oxidation by mitochondria of the symbiont-containing bivalve Solemya reidi J. Exp. Biol. 149 133–148

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, T. 1973 Slightly deleterious mutant substitutions in evolution Nature 246 96–98

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ott, J. A., R. Novak, F. Schiemer, U. Hentschel, M. Nebelsick, and M. Polz. 1991 Tackling the sulfide gradient: A novel strategy involving marine nematodes and chemoautotrophic ectosymbionts Marine Ecology Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica Di Napoli I 12 261–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott, J. A., M. Bright, and F. Schiemer. 1998 The ecology of a novel symbiosis between a marine peritrich ciliate and chemoautotrophic bacteria Marine Ecology—Pubblicazioni Della Stazione Zoologica Di Napoli I 19 229–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peek, A. S., R. C. Vrijenhoek, and B. S. Gaut. 1998 Accelerated evolutionary rate in sulfur-oxidizing endosymbiotic bacteria associated with the mode of symbiont transmission Molec. Biol. Evol. 15 1514–1523

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pimenov, N. V., M. G. Kalyuzhnaya, V. N. Khmelenina, L. L. Mityushina, and Y. A. Trotsenko. 2002 Utilization of methane and carbon dioxide by symbiotrophic bacteria in gills of mytilidae (Bathymodiolus) from the rainbow and Logachev hydrothermal fields on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Microbiology 71 587–594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podar, M., L. Mullineaux, H. R. Huang, P. S. Perlman, and M. L. Sogin. 2002 Bacterial group II introns in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 6392–6398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polz, M. F., H. Felbeck, R. Novak, M. Nebelsick, and J. A. Ott. 1992 Chemoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing symbiotic bacteria on marine nematodes: Morphological and biochemical characterization Microb. Ecol. 24 313–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polz, M. F., D. L. Distel, B. Zarda, R. Amann, H. Felbeck, J. A. Ott, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1994 Phylogenetic analysis of a highly specific association between ectosymbiotic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and a marine nematode Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 4461–4467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polz, M. F., and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1995 Dominance of one bacterial phylotype at a Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent site Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 7232–7236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polz, M. F., J. J. Robinson, C. M. Cavanaugh, and C. L. Van Dover. 1998 Trophic ecology of massive shrimp aggregations at a Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent site Limnol. Oceanogr. 43 1631–1638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polz, M. F., C. Harbison, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1999 Diversity and heterogeneity of epibiotic bacterial communities on the marine nematode Eubostrichus dianae Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 4271–4275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polz, M. F., J. A. Ott, M. Bright, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 2000 When bacteria hitch a ride ASM News 66 531–539

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulin, E., S. von Boletzky, and J. P. Feral. 2001 Combined ecological factors permit classification of developmental patterns in benthic marine invertebrates: A discussion note J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 257 109–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, M. A., and G. N. Somero. 1986 Adaptations to sulfide by hydrothermal vent animals: Sites and mechanisms of detoxification and metabolism Biol. Bull. 171 274–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pradillon, F., B. Shillito, C. M. Young, and F. Gaill. 2001 Deep-sea ecology: Developmental arrest in vent worm embryos Nature 413 698–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prior, S. D., and H. Dalton. 1985 The effect of copper ions on membrane content and methane monooxygenase activity in methanol-grown cells of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) J. Gen. Microbiol. 131 155–163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pruski, A. M., A. Fiala-Médioni, C. R. Fisher, and J. C. Colomines. 2000a Composition of free amino acids and related compounds in invertebrates with symbiotic bacteria at hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico Mar. Biol. 136 411–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pruski, A. M., A. Fiala-Médioni, R. Prodon, and J. C. Colomines. 2000b Thiotaurine is a biomarker of sulfide-based symbiosis in deep-sea bivalves Limnol. Oceanogr. 45 1860–1867

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pruski, A. M., and A. Fiala-Médioni. 2003 Stimulatory effect of sulphide on thiotaurine synthesis in three hydrothermal vent species from the East Pacific Rise J. Exp. Biol. 206 2923–2930

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rau, G. A., and J. I. Hedges. 1979 Carbon-13 depletion in a hydrothermal vent mussel: Suggestion of a chemosynthetic food source Science 203 648–649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rau, G. H. 1981 Hydrothermal vent clam and tube worm 13C/12C: Further evidence of non photosynthetic food sources Science 213 338–340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. J., and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1995 Expressions of form I and form II RubisCO in chemoautotrophic symbioses: Implications for the interpretation of stable carbon isotope values Limnol. Oceanogr. 40 1496–1502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. J., M. F. Polz, A. Fiala-Medioni, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 1998 Physiological and immunological evidence for two distinct C-1-utilizing pathways in Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), a dual endosymbiotic mussel from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Mar. Biol. 132 625–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. J., K. M. Scott, S. T. Swanson, M. H. O'Leary, K. Horken, and F. R. Tabita. 2003 Kinetic isotope effect and characterization of form II RubisCO from the chemoautotrophic endosymbionts of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Limnol. Oceanogr. 48 48–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouxel, O., Y. Fouquet, and J. N. Ludden. 2004 Subsurface processes at the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Evidence from sulfur, selenium, and iron isotopes Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68 2295–2311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarrazin, J., and S. K. Juniper. 1999 Biological characteristics of a hydrothermal edifice mosaic community Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 185 1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiemer, F., R. Novak, and J. Ott. 1990 Metabolic studies on thiobiotic free-living nematodes and their symbiotic microorganisms Mar. Biol. 106 129–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmaljohann, R., and H. J. Flügel. 1987 Methane-oxidizing bacteria in pogonophora Sarsia 72 91–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweimanns, M., and H. Felbeck. 1985 Significance of the occurrence of chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbionts in lucinid clams from Bermuda Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 24 113–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, K. M. 2003 A d13C-based carbon flux model for the hydrothermal vent chemoautotrophic symbiosis Riftia pachyptila predicts sizeable CO2 gradients at the host-symbiont interface Environ. Microbiol. 5 424–432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, K. M., J. Schwedock, D. P. Schrag, and C. M. Cavanaugh. 2004 Influence of form IA RubisCO and environmental dissolved inorganic carbon on the delta13C of the clam-chemoautotroph symbiosis Solemya velum Environ. Microbiol. 6(12) 1210–1219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Searcy, D. G. 1992 Origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts from sulfur-based symbioses H. Hartman and K. Matsuno (Eds.) The Origin and Evolution of the Cell World Scientific Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibuet, M., and K. Olu. 1998 Biogeography, biodiversity and fluid dependence of deep-sea cold-seep communities at active and passive margins Deep Sea Res. II 45 517–567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. R., and A. R. Baco. 2003 Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 41 311–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Southward, A. J., E. C. Southward, P. R. Dando, G. H. Rau, H. Felbeck, and H. Flugel. 1981 Bacterial symbionts and low 13C/12C ratios in tissues of Pogonophora indicate unusual nutrition and metabolism Nature 293 616–620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southward, E. C. 1982 Bacterial symbionts in Pogonophora J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 62 889–906

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southward, A. J., and E. C. Southward. 1988 Pogonophora: Tube worms dependent on endosymbiotic bacteria ISI Atlas of Science, Animal & Plant Sciences 1 203–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Southward, E. C., V. Tunnicliffe, and M. Black. 1995 Revision of the species of Ridgeia from North-East Pacific hydrothermal vents, with a redescription of Ridgeia piscesae Jones (Pogonophora: Obturata = Vestimentifera) Can. J. Zool. 73 282–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiro, B., P. B. Greenwood, A. J. Southward, and P. R. Dando. 1986 13C/12C ratios in marine invertebrates from reducing sediments: Confirmation of nutritional importance of chemoautotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 28 233–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, S. M. 1970 Shell form and life habits of the Bivalvia Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 125 119–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J., S. Cary, R. Hessler, S. Ohta, R. Vetter, J. Childress, and H. Felbeck. 1988 Chemoautotrophic symbiosis in a hydrothermal vent gastropod Biol. Bull. 174 373–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stumm, W., and J. J. Morgan. 1996 Aquatic Chemistry, 3rd ed Wiley-Interscience

    Google Scholar 

  • Svavarsson, J., J. O. Stromberg, and T. Brattegard. 1993 The deep-sea asellote (Isopoda, Crustacea) fauna of the Northern Seas: Species composition, distributional patterns and origin J. Biogeogr. 20 537–555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Temara, A., C. de Ridder, J. G. Kuenen, and L. A. Robertson. 1993 Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in the burrowing echinoid, Echinocardium cordatum (Echinodermata) Mar. Biol. 115 179–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thao, M., N. Moran, P. Abbot, E. Brennan, D. Burckhardt, and P. Baumann. 2000 Cospeciation of psyllids and their primary prokaryotic endosymbionts Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66 2898–2905

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trask, J. L., and C. L. Van Dover. 1999 Site-specific and ontogenetic variations in nutrition of mussels (Bathymodiolus sp.) from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge Limnol. Oceanogr. 44 334–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunnicliffe, V. 1988 Biogeography and evolution of hydrothermal-vent fauna in the eastern Pacific Ocean Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond B 233 347–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunnicliffe, V. 1991 The biology of hydrothermal vents: Ecology and evolution Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 29 319–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunnicliffe, V., and C. Fowler. 1996 Influence of sea-floor spreading on the global hydrothermal vent fauna Nature 379 531–533

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. D., R. A. Lutz, and D. Jablonski. 1985 Modes of molluscan larval development at deep-sea hydrothermal vents Biol. Soc. Wash. Bull. 6 167–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, P. A., and C. M. Young. 2003 Dispersal at hydrothermal vents: A summary of recent progress Hydrobiologia 503 9–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vacelet, J., N. Boury-Esnault, A. Fiala-Medioni, and C. R. Fisher. 1995 A methanotrophic carnivorous sponge Nature 377 296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vacelet, J., A. Fiala-Médioni, C. R. Fisher, and N. Boury-Esnault. 1996 Symbiosis between methane-oxidizing bacteria and a deep-sea carnivorous cladorhizid sponge Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 145 77–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dover, C. L., B. Fry, J. F. Grassle, S. Humphris, and P. A. Rona. 1988 Feeding biology of the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata at hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Mar. Biol. 98 209–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dover, C. L., and B. Fry. 1994 Microorganisms as food resources at deep-sea hydrothermal vents Limnol. Oceanogr. 39 51–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dover, C. 2000 The Ecology of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dover, C. L., S. E. Humphris, D. Fornari, C. M. Cavanaugh, R. Collier, S. K. Goffredi, J. Hashimoto, M. Lilley, A. L. Reysenbach, T. M. Shank, K. L. Von Damm, A. Banta, R. M. Gallant, D. Götz, D. Green, J. Hall, T. L. Harmer, L. A. Hurtado, P. Johnson, Z. P. McKiness, C. Meredith, E. Olson, I. L. Pan, M. Turnipseed, Y. Won, C. R. Young 3rd, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 2001 Biogeography and ecological setting of Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents Science 294 818–822

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dover, C. 2002a Trophic relationships among invertebrates at the Kairei hydrothermal vent field (Central Indian Ridge) Mar. Biol. 141 761–772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dover, C. L., C. R. German, K. G. Speer, L. M. Parson, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 2002b Marine biology: Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates Science 295 1253–1257

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vereshchaka, A. L., G. M. Vinogradov, A. Y. Lein, S. Dalton, and F. Dehairs. 2000 Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the fauna from the Broken Spur hydrothermal vent field Mar. Biol. 136 11–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vrijenhoek, R., T. Shank, and R. Lutz. 1998 Gene flow and dispersal in deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals Cahiers Biol. Mar. 39 363–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Waser, N. A. D., P. J. Harrison, B. Nielsen, S. E. Calvert, and D. H. Turpin. 1998 Nitrogen isotope fractionation during the uptake and assimilation of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and urea by a marine diatom Limnol. Oceanogr. 43 215–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, A. 2004 Various clinical types of Q-fever disease Int. Med. 43 12

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, R. E., and S. N. Vinogradov. 2001 Nonvertebrate hemoglobins: Functions and molecular adaptations Physiol. Rev. 81 569–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, W. 1959 Eine ungewöhnliche Assoziation zwischen Blaualagen und freilebenden marinen Nematoden Österr. bot. Zeitschr. 106 81–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wernegreen, J. J. 2002 Genome evolution in bacterial endosymbionts of insects Nature Rev. Genet. 3 850–861

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Windoffer, R., and O. Giere. 1997 Symbiosis of the hydrothermal vent gastropod Ifremeria nautilei (Provannidae) with endobacteria: Structural analyses and ecological considerations Biol. Bull. 193 381–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wirsen, C. O., S. M. Sievert, C. M. Cavanaugh, S. J. Molyneaux, A. Ahmad, L. T. Taylor, E. F. DeLong, and C. D. Taylor. 2002 Characterization of an autotrophic sulfide-oxidizing marine Arcobacter sp. that produces filamentous sulfur Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 316–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woldehiwet, Z. 2004 Q fever (coxiellosis): Epidemiology and pathogenesis Res. Vet. Sci. 77 93–100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Won, Y. J., S. J. Hallam, G. D. O'Mullan, I. L. Pan, K. R. Buck, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 2003a Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-sea mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69 6785–6792

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Won, Y., C. R. Young, R. A. Lutz, and R. C. Vrijenhoek. 2003b Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae:Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents Molec. Ecol. 12 169–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, H., K. Fujikura, A. Hiraishi, K. Kato, and Y. Maki. 2002 Phylogenetic characterization and biomass estimation of bacterial endosymbionts associated with invertebrates dwelling in chemosynthetic communities of hydrothermal vent and cold seep fields Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 245 61–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanaka, T., C. Mizota, H. Satake, F. Kouzuma, T. Gamo, U. Tsunogai, T. Miwa, and K. Fujioka. 2003 Stable isotope evidence for a putative endosymbiont-based lithotrophic Bathymodiolus sp. mussel community atop a serpentine seamount Geomicrobiol. J. 20 185–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yong, R., and D. G. Searcy. 2001 Sulfide oxidation coupled to ATP synthesis in chicken liver mitochondria Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 129 129–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, C. M., E. Vazquez, A. Metaxas, and P. A. Tyler. 1996 Embryology of vestimentiferan tube worms from deep-sea methane/sulphide seeps Nature 381 514–516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zal, F., F. H. Lallier, J. S. Wall, S. N. Vinogradov, and A. Toulmond. 1996 The multi-hemoglobin system of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila.1: Reexamination of the number and masses of its constituents J. Biol. Chem. 271 8869–8874

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zal, F., B. N. Green, F. H. Lallier, and A. Toulmond. 1997 Investigation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the extracellular hemoglobin from the polychaete annelid Alvinella pompejana: An unusual hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin Biochemistry 36 11777–11786

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zal, F., E. Leize, F. H. Lallier, A. Toulmond, A. Van Dorsselaer, and J. J. Childress. 1998 S-sulfohemoglobin and disulfide exchange: The mechanisms of sulfide binding by Riftia pachyptila hemoglobins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 8997–9002

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zal, F., E. Leize, D. R. Oros, S. Hourdez, A. Van Dorsselaer, and J. J. Childress. 2000 Haemoglobin structure and biochemical characteristics of the sulphide-binding component from the deep-sea clam Calyptogena magnifica Cahiers Biol. Mar. 41 413–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J. Z., and F. J. Millero. 1993 The products from the oxidation of H2S in seawater Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 1705–1718

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Colleen M. Cavanaugh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zoe P. McKiness
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Irene L. G. Newton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Frank J. Stewart
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Box 196, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0312, USA

    Martin Dworkin Professor Dr. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

  2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University Medical School, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild, D039, Stanford, CA, 94305-5124, USA

    Stanley Falkow

  3. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  4. Department of Microbiology, Technical University Munich, 80290, Munich, Germany

    Karl-Heinz Schleifer

  5. DSMZ- German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Cavanaugh, C.M., McKiness, Z.P., Newton, I.L.G., Stewart, F.J. (2006). Marine Chemosynthetic Symbioses. In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, KH., Stackebrandt, E. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30741-9_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation