Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improvement of the electrochemical properties of Li/CFx primary batteries induced by Nitrogen plasma treatment from silica and carbon fluoride

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Carbon Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The electrochemical properties of a CFX cathode were improved by defluorination of the surface with a N2 plasma and using a silica wafer. Compared to the N2 plasma treatment alone, when the CFX and silica were reacted together, the C-F bonds were modified and the surface was etched efficiently, so defluorination was enhanced. An electrochemical analysis confirmed that Half-cells prepared by treating CFx and silica with nitrogen plasma exhibited a capacity of about 400 mAh/g at 5C. In addition, it was confirmed that the loss of charge transfer was reduced by up to 71% compared to that for pristine CFX. As shown by a GITT analysis, when the CFx and silica were treated with N2 plasma together, the ion conductivity gradually increased due to a decrease in the ion diffusion barriers and the formation of a carbon layer. Therefore, this is a simple and effective way to improve the conductivities of CFX cathode materials with the energy of a N2 plasma and the silica-fluorine reaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

References

  1. Abu S M, Hannan M A, Lipu M S H, Mannan M, Ker p Jm Hossain M J, Mahlia T M I (2023) State of the art of lithium-ion battery material potentials: An analytical evaluation, issues and future research directions. J. Clean. Prod. 394:136246

  2. Kim KH, Cho JH, Hwang JU, Im JS, Lee Y-S (2021) A key strategy to form a LiF-based SEI layer for a lithium-ion battery anode with enhanced cycling stability by introducing a semi-ionic C-F bond. J Ind Eng Chem 99:48–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ha S, Jeong SG, Lim C, Min CG, Lee Y-S (2023) Application of thermally fluorinated multi-wall carbon nanotubes as an additive to an Li4Ti5O12 lithium ion battery. Nanomaterials 13(6):995

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Ha S, Hwang K, Kim D, Yoon S, Lee Y-S (2023) Multiple performance enhancements with one effect: Improving the electrochemical performance of SiOx coated with specific aromatic compounds. J Ind Eng Chem 117:188–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kim D, Kim KH, Lim C, Lee Y-S (2022) Carbon-coated SiOx anode materials via PVD and pyrolyzed fuel oil to achieve lithium-ion batteries with high cycling stability. Carbon Lett 32(1):321–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Liu Y, Su M-Y, Gu Z-Y, Wang X-T, Du M, Guo J-Z, Wu X-L (2022) Advanced lithium primary batteries: key materials. Research Progresses and Challenges Chem Rec 22(10):e202200081

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ha S, Lim C, Lee Y-S (2022) Fluorination methods and the properties of fluorinated carbon materials for use as lithium primary battery cathode materials. J Ind Eng Chem 111:1–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Sharma N, Dubois M, Guérin K, Pischedda V, Radescu S (2021) Fluorinated (Nano) carbons: CFx electrodes and CFx-based batteries. Energy Technol 9(4):2000605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ha N, Jeong SG, Lim C, Ha S, Min CG, Choi Y, Lee Y-S (2023) Preparation and electrochemical characteristics of waste-tire char-based CFX for lithium-ion primary batteries. Carbon Lett 33:1013–1018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhou R, Li Y, Feng Y, Peng Y, Feng W (2020) The electrochemical performances of fluorinated hard carbon as the cathode of lithium primary batteries. Compos Commun 21:100396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ma J, Liu Y, Peng Y, Yang X, Hou J, Liu C, Fang Z, Jian X (2022) UV-radiation inducing strategy to tune fluorinated carbon bonds delivering the high-rate Li/CFx primary batteries. Compos B Eng 230:109494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhou P, Weng J, Liu X, Li Y, Wang L, Wu X, Zhou T, Zhou J, Zhuo S (2019) Urea-assistant ball-milled CFx as electrode material for primary lithium battery with improved energy density and power density. Compos B Eng 414:210–217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhang SS, Foster D, Read J (2009) Carbothermal treatment for the improved discharge performance of primary Li/CFx battery. J Power Sources 191(2):648–652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hou J, Cao F, Xu H, Fu J, Ali R, Liu Y, Jian X (2022) Constructing carbon-decorated CFx nanocapsule by atomic layer deposition and catalytic chemical vapor deposition for high-capacity lithium primary battery. Appl Surf Sci 596:153570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dai Y, Cai S, Wu L, Yang W, Xie J, Wen W, Zheng J-C, Zhu Y (2014) Surface modified CFx cathode material for ultrafast discharge and high energy density. J Mater Chem 2(48):20896–20901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Peng Y, Liu Y, Ali R, Ma J, Hou J, Yang X, Jian X (2022) Air plasma-induced carbon fluoride enabling active CF bonds for double-high energy/power densities of Li/CFx primary battery. J Alloys Compd 905:164151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ha S, Lim C, Min CG, Myeong S, Lee Y-S (2023) Improved energy and power density of a Li/CFX primary battery through control of the C-F bonds with thermobaric modifications. J Ind Eng Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2023.12.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Lim C, Ha S, Ha N, Jeong SG, Lee Y-S (2023) Plasma treatment of CFX: The effect of surface chemical modification coupled with surface etching. Carbon Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-023-00597-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhu Y, Zhang L, Zhao H, Fu Y (2017) Significantly improved electrochemical performance of CFx promoted by SiO2 modification for primary lithium batteries. J Mater Chem A 5:796–803

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Astrova EV, Ulin VP, Parfeneva A (2020) Silicone-carbon nanocomposites produced by reduction of carbon monofluoride by silicon. J Alloys Compd 826(34):154242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhao F-G, Zhao G, Liu X-H, Ge C-W, Wang J-T, Li B-L, Wang Q-G, Li W-S, Chen Q-Y (2014) Fluorinated graphene: facile solution preparation and tailorable properties by fluorine-content tuning. J Mater Chem 2(23):8782–8789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cao L, Li D, Pollard T, Deng T, Zhang B, Yang C, Chen L, Vatamanu J, Hu E, Hourwitz MJ, Ma L, Ding M, Li Q, Hou S, Gaskell K, Fourkas JT, Yang X-Q, Xu K, Borodin O, Wang C (2021) Fluorinated interphase enables reversible aqueous zinc battery chemistries. Nat Nanotechnol 16(8):902–910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kang W, Li S (2018) Preparation of fluorinated graphene to study its gas sensitivity. RSC Adv 8(41):23459–23467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Bettinger HF, Kudin KN, Scuseria GE (2004) Structural models of fluorine-graphite intercalation compounds from density functional theory. J Phys Chem 108(15):3016–3018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Feng W, Long P, Feng Y, Li Y (2016) Two-dimensional fluorinated graphene: synthesis, structures, properties and applications. Adv Sci 3(7):1500413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Hany P, Yazami R, Hamwi A (1997) Low-temperature carbon fluoride for high power density lithium primary batteries. J Power Sources 68(2):708–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Li Y, Feng W (2015) The tunable electrochemical performances of carbon fluorides/manganese dioxide hybrid cathodes by their arrangements. J Power Sources 274:1292–1299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhou P, Meng H, Zhang Z, Chen C, Lu Y, Cao J, Cheng F (2017) Stable layered Ni-rich LiNi0.9Co0.07Al0.03O2 microspheres assembled with nanoparticles as high-performance cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. J. Chen. J Mater Chem A 5:2724–2731

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Luo Z, Chen D, Wang X, Huang J, Pan Y, Lei W, Pan J (2021) Accordion-like fluorinated graphite nanosheets with high power and energy densities for wide-temperature. Long Shelf-Life Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries Small 17:2008163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Luo Z, Wang X, Chen D, Chang Q, Xie S, Ma Z, Lei W, Pan J, Pan Y, Huang J (2021) Ultrafast Li/Fluorinated graphene primary batteries with high energy density and power density. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:18809–18820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) (No. UD2200061D) by the Korean Government and Chungnam National University (2022~2023).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea

    Seongmin Ha, Chaehun Lim, Seongjae Myeong, In Woo Lee & Young-Seak Lee

  2. Institute of Carbon Fusion Technology (InCFT), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea

    Young-Seak Lee

Authors
  1. Seongmin Ha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chaehun Lim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Seongjae Myeong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. In Woo Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Young-Seak Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Young-Seak Lee.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 1441 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ha, S., Lim, C., Myeong, S. et al. Improvement of the electrochemical properties of Li/CFx primary batteries induced by Nitrogen plasma treatment from silica and carbon fluoride. Carbon Lett. 34, 1521–1528 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-024-00719-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-024-00719-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation