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Isolation and characterization of novel micro cellulose from Azadirachta indica A. Juss agro-industrial residual waste oil cake for futuristic applications

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Abstract

Every year, the food industry generates a large amount of waste, which prompts researchers to come up with a solution to efficiently manage the issue to support zero-waste concepts. After oil extraction, many oilseed cakes remain in the oil-processing industry as a waste. Converting this oilseed cake into value-added products would reduce environmental pollution and production costs. Oilseed cakes are high in fiber and contain a lot of non-starch polysaccharides. Azadirachta indica A. Juss neem oil cake (NOC) is a low-cost agricultural waste material produced during the oil extraction process of neem seeds. It is a dark brown powder that contains cellulose as well as other components such as hemicelluloses, proteins, and lipids. In this investigation, cellulose was extracted from the NOC, and comprehensive characterization was carried out. The polymer composite industry is in search of biofillers to incorporate with various matrices. As neem cake cellulose (NCC) is an entirely biodegradable material, it was considered for this study. To ensure its suitability in polymer composite industries, physicochemical, morphological, thermal, and spectroscopy analyses were carried out on NCC. Higher cellulose content (73.53%), better crystallinity (66.23%), lower density (1.59 g/cm3), considerable thermal stability (335.71 °C), kinetic activation energy (83.06 kJ/mol), particle size (17.93 µm), and good surface roughness (47.004 nm) make NCC suitable to be incorporated as a biofiller material in polymer matrices to manufacture eco-friendly composites.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

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Acknowledgements

First author acknowledges the Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Shiv Kumar—copyeditor, and RadoChemMAX, Nagercoil for providing research lab facilities to carry out his research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rohini College of Engineering and Technology, Palkulam, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, 629 401, India

    Rantheesh J &  Indran S

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education, Tamil Nadu, Kumaracoil, 629180, India

    Raja S

  3. Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, Thailand

    Suchart Siengchin

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  1. Rantheesh J
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  2. Indran S
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Contributions

Rantheesh J: conceptualization, investigation, methodology, writing—original draft, visualization, and data curation. S. Indran: resources, formal analysis, validation, writing—review and editing, project administration, and supervision. S. Raja: visualization and supported for data interpretation. Suchart Siengchin: resources and complete analysis of the work with technical correction.

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Correspondence to Indran S.

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Rantheesh J, Indran S, Raja S et al. Isolation and characterization of novel micro cellulose from Azadirachta indica A. Juss agro-industrial residual waste oil cake for futuristic applications. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 4393–4411 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03467-0

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